1. Heinrich Hertz discovered (proved) the existence of
   Maxwell's electromagnetic waves in 1888, almost a decade after Maxwell's
   untimely death.
2. In 1880 Hertz received his doctorate from the University of
   Berlin, where he had studied under the renowned physicist Hermann von Helmholtz.
   He began serious study of Maxwell's electromagnetic theory in 1883. While
   professor of physics at the Karlsruhe Polytechnic, between 1885 and 1889, he
   produced electromagnetic waves in the laboratory, just as predicted by Maxwell.
   In his lab, he was able to measure the wavelength and velocity of these waves,
   and he showed that their susceptibility to refraction and reflection was the
   same as that of light and heat waves. This established that light and heat are
   electromagnetic waves, which until then was only an unproved theory. With
   experimental confirmation by Hertz, Maxwell's theory especially as interpreted
   in a much simpler vector form by Oliver Heaviside and Hertz - became
   predominant.
3. See Roger Penrose, "Integrals for General-Relativistic
   Sources: A Development From Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory", M.S. Berger,
   ibid., pp. 211-243. Quoting:
   'With the notable exception of Faraday before him, no other
   major physicist of his day had apparently regarded the concept of 'field' as
   anything more than a convenient mathematical auxiliary to the prevailing
   point-particle-action-at-a-distance view of physical reality. The idea that
   'disembodied fields' can propagate through empty space carrying energy as they
   go, was as startling and revolutionary an idea at the time as radio is
   commonplace to us today."
4. Maxwell had a distinguished academic background. He received
   a mathematics degree from Trinity College in 1854, became Professor of Natural
   Philosophy at Marshall College, Aberdeen, Scotland in 1856, and in 1860 was
   appointed to King's College in London. After a short retirement, he became the
   first Cavendish Professor of Physics at Cambridge.
5. See note 12 above with respect to the delay in physics
   occasioned by the leading mathematicians of Maxwell's day ignoring the impact of
   Maxwell's theory. For another cogent argument about what might have been
   discovered much earlier in physics if quaternions had not also been cast aside,
   see James D. Edmonds, Jr., "Quaternion Quantum Theory: New Physics or Number
   Mysticism?", American Journal of Physics, 42 (3), Mar. 1974, p. 220-223. For yet
   another argument about what quaternions might have had to say about gravitation
   and a unified field theory, see this present paper.
6. Of course there were exceptions, but most engineers of the
   day were little skilled in mathematics. Electrical theory, instruction, and
   knowledge was particularly primitive. Most electrical engineers desperately
   needed something as simple as possible, to solve their signaling and power
   transmission problems. Even many eminent electrical scientists, such as J.J.
   Thompson, themselves never quite grasped what Maxwell's theory was all about.
   Also, the prevailing electrodynamics theories of the time were
   action-at-a-distance models, such as those of Karl Friedrich Gauss and later by
   Wilhelm Weber. The mathematicians of Maxwell's time had developed a taste for
   quite different directions of endeavour, and those who had themselves lost touch
   with physics could not assess the merits of Maxwell's theory (see Dyson, ibid.,
   p.21). Maxwell's own presentations were obtuse and difficult; since he used a
   mechanical model of the ether, his presentations were filled with clunking
   gears, ratchets, and distracting machinery - sufficient to route all but the
   hardiest theorists. Until Hertz proved Maxwell's EM waves in 1888, (over 20
   years after Maxwell began publishing his theory), most scientists felt very
   constrained by the action-at-a-distance competition to Maxwell's theory.
7. Oliver Heaviside's clear and simplified vector exposition of
   Maxwell's theory began to be published in The Electrician. With Maxwell's
   untimely death, Heaviside became his tireless successor and unyielding advocate,
   though other brilliant scientists such as Gibbs, Hertz and Lorentz also made
   great contributions.
8. In "A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism", Maxwell did
   not develop the analytical consequences of the energy concept. Instead, his
   paper is filled with descriptions of early Victorian ideas about the nature of
   electrical energy, expressed in a maze of symbols representing quaternion
   formulations of scalar and vector potential functions, etc. As a result,
   engineers of the day found Maxwell's chapter on the general equations of EM
   field theory quite unreadable.
   Even years later in the 1880's, it was still almost impossible
   to find a teacher who comprehended Maxwell's electrodynamics. Michael Pupin, for

example, travelled from the US to England in vain, seeking such a professor.
Finally, in Berlin he found one Helmholtz - who was able to teach him Maxwell's
theory (See Dyson, ibid., p.21).

1. In 1892, Heaviside's series of papers in The Electrician and
   elsewhere were published as his "Electrical Papers", MacMillan and Co., in two
   volumes. Much later, this book provided a basis for his "Electromagnetic
   Theory", The Electrician Publishing Co., London and New York, 1922. The second
   edition with an introduction by E. Weber was published at New York in 1950. The
   third edition with a foreword by Sir Edmund Whittaker was published by Chelsea
   Publishing Company, New York, 1971.
2. Heaviside railed at the elusive idea of the potential, and
   focused electromagnetics upon the force fields, as did Hertz and Gibbs.
   Scientists and the literature were strongly indoctrinated with the dogma that
   the potentials were only mathematical conveniences. (Before one censors
   Heaviside, Gibbs and Hertz too strenuously for their shortsightedness, one
   should recall that, classically, forces and force fields - not energy - had been
   uppermost in scientific theory.)
   It was not until 1959 that scientists were goaded once again
   into facing the unpleasant fact that the potentials were the primary reality and
   the translation force fields were simply made from them by operations. See Y.
   Aharanov and D. Bohm, "Significance of Electromagnetic Potentials in the Quantum
   Theory", "Physical Review", Second Series, 115 (3), Aug. 1, 1959, p. 485-491.
   Even so, this latter view was still not fully accepted until the
   mid-1980's, and it is only recently that the potentials - so beloved and
   emphasized by Maxwell himself - are once again accepted as the heart and soul of
   electromagnetics. See Bertram Schwarzschild, "Currents in Normal-Metal Rings
   Exhibit Aharonov-Bohm Effect", Physics Today, 39 (1), Jan. 1986, p. 17-20 for
   confirmation that the AB effect has been proven to the satisfaction of all but
   the most diehard skeptics.
   Even so, the primacy of the potentials is still fully accepted
   only by a handful of scientists. See S. Olariu and I. Iovitzu Popescu, "The
   Quantum Effects of Electromagnetic Fluxes", Reviews of Modern Physics 57 (2),
   April 1985 for an exhaustive discussion of the Aharonov-Bohm effect (which
   proves the physical reality and primacy of the potential) and an extensive list
   of references.
3. Particularly in his earlier papers in The Electrician, and
   in his "Electrical Papers" in 1892.
4. In addition to being an excellent experimentalist, Heinrich
   Rudolf Hertz (1857-1894) was also a noted theorist - and one who also died at an
   untimely early age. Hertz also made a theoretical reformulation of Maxwell's
   theory, removing the potentials and focusing on the force fields, as did
   Heaviside. In his "Electrical Waves", (see Dover, New York, 1962, p. 196- 197;
   first published in English in 1893), Hertz stated:
   "... I have been led to endeavour for some time past to sift
   Maxwell's formulae and to separate their essential significance from the
   particular form in which they first happened to appear. The results at which I
   have arrived are set forth in the present paper. Mr. Oliver Heaviside has been
   working in the same direction ever since 1885. From Maxwell's equations he
   removes the same symbols (the potentials) as myself; and the simplest form which
   these equations thereby attain is essentially the same as that (at) which I
   arrive. In this respect, then, Mr. Heaviside has the priority... "
5. For Tait's quaternion theory, see P.G. Tait, "An Elementary
   Treatise on Quaternions", Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1875, 1st edition.
6. For details of the long struggle Heaviside had with his
   adversary Tait, see "The Great Quaternionic War", Nahin, ibid., p. 187-215. See
   also M. J. Crowe, "A History of Vector Analysis", University of Notre Dame
   Press, Notre Dame, 1967, passim. See also A.M. Bork, "Vectors Versus Quaternions

• The Letters in Nature", American Journal of Physics, 34, Mar. 1966, p.
  202-211.

1. With the availability of excellent and extensive expositions
   of the vector interpretation of the translation force-field subset of Maxwell's
   theory by Heaviside and Hertz, and with the nearly insurmountable difficulty
   associated with the complex quaternions and potentials which few scientists
   understood, the rejection of the quaternionic form of Maxwell's theory and the
   acceptance of the vector subset was inevitable.
2. Again recall that even Heaviside, the mighty mouse of a man
   who, together with Gibbs slew quaternions, much later may have again turned to
   quaternions to grapple with the elusive gravity.
   To deal with curved space-time, one must deal with potentials,

for - in a strict sense - a potential is a curvature of space-time. It is also a
trapped spatio-temporal stress, the nature of the stress being determined by the
nature of the stressing fields comprising the potential. The stress may be
either compressive or tensile, and may contain a complex infolded structure of
infinite variability. Gravity is not determined by force fields (the escape of
curvature of space-time), but by potentials (the stabilized presence of
curvature of space-time).
In addition, one runs headlong into the need for negative energy
and negative time. For example, if two like charges are brought together, energy
is required to overcome the repulsion, and this energy "goes into the field" to
give a positive energy density of space. Two masses, however, attract each
other; it takes the exertion of energy to keep them apart - or, in other words,
the field energy is negative in this case. Maxwell was much perplexed by this
problem, as was Heaviside - and as has been most other physicists who struggled
with it, down to and including the physicists of today.
Actually, if we accept the negative field energy requirement, we
can expect to meet negative energy when time is reversed, since the fundamental
quantum (photon) is composed of ()() and the time-reversed quantum (anti-photon) is composed
of (-)(-).
Therefore the main involvement of gravitation should be with a time-reversed
region - such as the positively charged (time-reversed) atomic nucleus - and it
is.
As early as 1898 Carl Barus - in a paper titled "A Curious
Inversion in the Wave Mechanism of the Electromagnetic Theory of Light",
American Journal of Science 5 (Fourth Series), May 1898, p. 343348 - showed an
interpretation of Maxwell's electromagnetic wave equations that could "make the
wave run backward". His paper was ignored, but it may have been the first
indication of what today in nonlinear phase conjugate optics is known as the
time-reversed EM wave.
In the early 1970's Western scientists discovered a strange
thing in the open Soviet literature: the production of a time-reversed (TR) wave
in nonlinear optics. Indeed, such a wave is a solution to the wave equation, and
so the solution applies to all manner of waves (it has been accomplished, for
example, with sound waves).
Time-reversed EM waves were controversial at first, since many
physicists (even today!) naively equate time reversal with the science fiction
notion of "traveling backwards in time". It is nothing of the sort, of course.
For an object to travel backwards in time, the entire universe sans the object
would have to be time-reversed to a previous state, so that the "present object"
is seen as being present in a "past state of the universe". Time-reversing a
single wave means that only the single wave is seen by the external observer to
be affected by the reversal process. He sees (in his own forward time) a
successive series of spatial positions of the reversing wave. He sees the rest
of the universe moving forward in time in a normal fashion.
Since time is not observable, we simply see such a TR wave, not
as time-reversed, but as spatially-reversed. (We see a time-reversed particle as
both spatially-reversed and charge-reversed.) Though much is still unsure about
time reversal, it is legitimate and has been in physics for decades. (See Robert
G. Sachs, "The Physics of Time Reversal", University of Chicago Press, Chicago,
1987, for a broad and comprehensive coverage of the role of time-reversal in
physics, and its clear distinctions from space reversal and velocity reversal.
For an excellent introduction to the nonlinear optics time-reversed EM wave, see
David M. Pepper, "Nonlinear Optical Phase Conjugation", Optical Engineering, 21
(2), Mar./Apr. 1982, p. 156-183.)
So today we are aware that a time-reversed EM wave can readily
be produced. The present author has already pointed out that an EM wave carries
both energy and time, and that a time-reversed EM wave has both its energy and
time content reversed in sign. Such a TR wave carries negative energy and
negative time. So a normal (forward-time) photon must be considered as comprised
of (+)(+),
while an anti-photon (time-reversed photon) must be considered by the external
observer as comprised of (-)(-). (See Bearden, "Extraordinary Physics" in: "AIDS:
Biological Warfare", Tesla Book Co., Greenville, Texas 1988, p.74-203.) For
important involvement of negative time/negative energy in the nucleus, see C.W.
Rietdijk, "How Do 'Virtual' Photons and Mesons Transmit Forces Between Charged

Particles and Nucleons?", Foundations of Physics, 7 (5-6), June 1977, p.
351-374. As early as 1973, the present authour pointed out the involvement of
negative time in mass; see Bearden, "Quiton/Perception Physics: A Theory of
Existence, Perception and Physical Phenomena", NTIS, AD 763210, 1973. For a
beautiful consideration of negative energy in a theory of gravitation, see
Frederick E. Alzofon, "Antigravity With Present Technology: Implementation and
Theoretical Foundation", in AIAA/SAE/ASME Joint Propulsion Conference, 17th,
Colorado Springs, Colorado, July 27-29, 1981, New York: American Institute of
Aeronautics and Astronautics Report Number AIAA-81 - 1608, 1981.
In an atom, normally photons are emitted by radiation from
negative charges, while anti-photons are emitted by radiation from positive
charges - such as the positively charged nucleus of an atom.
EM mixing stress and time reversal can be utilized to create an
amplified time-reversed replica of a small input signal wave. When EM wave
mixing stress is rhythmically applied to the atom, a scalar EM stress wave
system is formed with zero E and B vector resultants. This wave passes through
the electron shells and pumps the nucleus to an excited state. Input of another
EM wave to the atom modulates the scalar pump wave, in turn modulating the
pumping of the nucleus and accomplishing 4-wave mixing. The time-reversed
(positively-charged) nucleus acts as a pumped phase conjugate mirror and emits a
phase conjugate (time-reversed) EM wave, which travels out of the nucleus as a
modulation upon the scalar pump wave "bridge to the outside".
As is well-known in four-wave mixing, the emission of a phase
conjugate replica does not change the momentum of the mirror; i.e., it does not
cause recoil. When it strikes another stressed atom, however, it modulates the
stressing scalar waves and penetrates into the nucleus, where it is absorbed.
Absorption of the negative energy/negative time wave in the nucleus does cause
recoil negatively! Thus all atomic nuclei are continually being drawn to each
other by negative recoil from four-wave mixing reactions. This is the genesis of
gravity.
Of course, since time is not observable, we do not observe
reversed time - we do not at all see any sort of "travel into the past", as
explained previously. In a universe moving in positive time, we will simply see
the time-reversed wave as spatially reversed - since time itself is not
observable - and exhibiting very peculiar behaviour and negentropy by proceeding
from disorder back to order. We will also see such a TR wave converging upon its
path rather than diverging which characteristic itself is a move from disorder
to order, and negentropic.
As can be seen, when we include TR waves, the second law of
thermodynamics (which assumes only positive-time EM energy) must be reversed, so
that it becomes the law of negentropy. This present second law is only half the
case; addition of the law of negentropy completes the other half of it.
Note also that random time-reversed EM waves (time-reversed
"heat") when added to normal heat, cools the region (reduces the algebraic size
of the positive heat). It reduces the disorder of the region by multi-photon
(multi-wave) mixing. Electrostatic cooling should be reexamined in light of this
characteristic union of disordering and ordering.

1. The negative energy solutions and potentials of quaternion
   theory are particularly interesting, though they have been little pursued by
   theorists. It is also to be highly regretted that very early work on "reversed
   EM waves", such as the paper by Barus, ibid., was not vigourously followed up at
   the time.
2. As will be seen, the scalar component of the quaternion can
   infold and capture the stress energy of a zero-translation-resultant
   electromagnetic stress system, which constitutes the capture of an
   electrogravitational potential. Regular periodic oscillations (in magnitude,
   relative components, phase, etc.) of this potential constitute powerful standing
   gravitational waves of local curvature in space-time. Direct and significant
   local general relativity (GR) then exists in the laboratory, and direct GR
   experiments may readily be conducted.
3. In Heaviside EM theory, we are taught to discard zero
   translation resultant electromagnetic stresses. We are taught to discard those
   aspects of EM that: (1) form gravitational and inertial effects, and (2) are
   capable of directly reaching and engineering the atomic nucleus in a controlled
   fashion. Consequently, our present crude "engineering" of the nucleus is largely
   restricted to introducing a whole neutral particle or violently striking the
   atom with a speeding particle "hammer". With scalar EM we should be able to
   tune, change and control the nucleus like fine-tuning a precision watch.

1. See also James D. Edmonds Jr., "Quaternion Quantum Theory:
   New Physics or Number Mysticism?", American Journal of Physics, 42 (3), Mar.
   1974, p. 220-223. See also his paper, "Maxwell's Eight Equations As One
   Quaternion Equation", American Journal of Physics, 46, Apr. 1978, p. 430-431.
2. See also Dyson, ibid. and Josephs, ibid. Also, Dr. Henry
   Monteith of Sandia National Laboratories has independently discovered that
   Maxwell's quaternion theory contained a unified field theory of gravitation and
   electromagnetics. See Monteith, "Dynamic Gravity and Electromagnetic Processes:
   Parts I and II", July 1988. See also Monteith, "Visualization and Duality in
   Mathematical Physics", Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, April 15,
3. Monteith has extended quaternion theory to include the hyperbolic
   quaternion, and has shown that his extended theory contains both spinor and
   twistor theory as subsets, and is a full theory of anisotropic space-time.
   Presently, he is preparing a major book on this subject, and he may very well be
   the scientist who writes the great new unified EM-G field theory so long sought
   by physicists.
4. See papers by T.E. Bearden, published by the Tesla Book Co.,
   POB 1469, Greenville, Texas: "Comments on the New Tesla Electromagnetics: Part
   1: Discrepancies in Present EM Theory", 1982; "Part III: Clarifying the Vector
   Concept", 1983; Part IV: "Vectors and Mechanisms Clarified", 1983; "Solutions to
   Tesla's Secrets and the Soviet Tesla Weapons", 1981; "Soviet Weather Engineering
   Over North America", 1-hr. videotape, 1985; "Star Wars Now! The Bohm - Aharonov
   Effect, Scalar Interferometry, and Soviet Weaponization", 1984; "Far-de-Lance: A
   Briefing on Soviet Scalar Electromagnetic Weapons", 1986; Chapter 4:
   "Extraordinary Physics" in "AIDS: Biological Warfare", 1988, p. 74-203. See also
   Bearden, "Tesla's Electromagnetics and Its Soviet Weaponization", Proc. 1984
   Tesla Centennial Symp., International Tesla Society, Colorado Springs, Colorado
   1984; Bearden, "Soviet Phase Conjugate Weapons: Weapons That Use Time-Reversed
   Electromagnetic Waves", Bulletin, Committee to Restore the Constitution, POB
   986, Ft. Collins, Colorado 80522, Jan. 1988.
5. Of interest in EM theory is the appearance of closed
   circuital fluxes of EM energy in a region, which has bothered a very great
   number of physicists and electrical engineers including Maxwell and Heaviside.
   Heaviside's derivation of the Pointing vector with a vector G term describing
   these "close-loop energy traps" was published in The Electrician on Feb. 21,
6. Heaviside wrestled with this G-vector, but dismissed it as an unnecessary
   and useless introduction of an auxiliary circuital flux. Actually, such a
   trapped closed-loop energy flow constitutes a special kind of dynamic structure
   internal to an electromagnetic potential, in the view of the present author.
   Further, since this EM potential has a definite deterministic pattern and
   structure, it may be regarded as an artificial potential, in contradiction to a
   normal potential with a random energy flux structure. If this view is correct,
   then Heaviside (and other electrical physicists, subsequently) may again have
   discarded one part of electrogravitation - because, after all, in modern general
   relativity, gravitation primarily consists of a number of potentials, trapped
   energy density of vacuum constitutes a curvature of space-time, and closed
   circuital fluxes of EM energy represent dynamic internal energy-density
   structures.
   Such closed loop energy flows actually exist and are definitely
   real.
   For example, the Earth's atmosphere experiences -field lines pointing radially downward, and magnetic
   field lines directed from the Magnetic North Pole to the South Pole. The
   expression gives a perpetual energy flow from
   East to West, in closed circle loops, even G = 0. H. Skilling ("Fundamentals of
   Electric Waves", John Wiley, New York, 1948, p. 132) called the idea that such
   loops have physical significance "absurd". Richard Feynman ("Lectures On
   Physics", Vol. 2, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts 1964, p. 17-5 to 17-6
   and 27-11) showed that such an energy flow is required by the conservation of
   angular momentum. It has also been shown for the Earth (E.M. Pugh and G.E. Pugh,
   "Physical Significance of the Pointing Vector in Static Fields", American
   Journal of Physics 35, Feb. 1967, p.153-156) that Feynman's thought experiment
   is quantitatively correct.
7. E.T. Whittaker, "On an Expression of the Electromagnetic
   Field Due to Electrons By Means of Two Scalar Potential Functions", Proc. Lond.
   Math. Soc., Series 2, Volume 1, 1903, p. 367-372.
8. Even today it is still in vogue in physics and electrical
   engineering. Specifically, engineers almost never try to design equipment that

utilizes potentials in the absence of the force fields. There are a few notable
exceptions, of course. The author and Frank Golden did work in the 1970's with
"free A-field" equipment developed by Golden, and Dr. William Tiller did
important theoretical work in curl-free vector potentials (free A-field). See
his US Patent No. 4,447,779, "Apparatus and Method For Determination of a
Receiving Device Relative to a Transmitting Device Utilizing a Curl-Free
Magnetic Vector Potential Field", fan. 31, 1981; US Patent No. 4,429,280,
"Apparatus and Method For Demodulation of a Modulated Curl-Free Magnetic Vector
Potential", fan. 31, 1984; US Patent No. 4,432,098, "Apparatus and Method For
Transfer of Information By Means of a Curl-Free Magnetic Vector Potential
Field", Feb. 14, 1984. For an exhaustive discussion of the Aharonov-Bohm effect
(which establishes the reality and primacy of the potentials), see S. Olariu,
"The Quantum Effects of Electromagnetic Fluxes", Reviews of Modern Physics, 57
(2), Apr. 1985, p. 339.

1. Indeed, so far as is known to the present author, there is
   still not a single EM textbook that even recognizes and addresses the issue of
   whether or not a zero-resultant force vector system can be exclusively equated
   to - and totally replaced by - a zero translation vector resultant. The reason
   may be that, unconsciously, physicists have wished to avoid the incredible
   implications of infolded and inwardly structured EM energy (as perhaps witnessed
   by the rather short shift given to David Bohm's fundamental and revolutionary
   "hidden variable" theory of quantum mechanics). Not only does one face the
   implications of the internal structuring of EM energy, but one also faces the
   implications of curving local space-time (violating Einstein's general
   relativity) and deterministically substructuring that curvature of space-time,
   vacuum potentials, and the very vacuum itself.
   This profoundly affects one of the fundamental assumptions of
   quantum mechanics: that the nature of quantum change is totally statistical.
   With internally structured potentials and direct control and manipulation of
   "hidden variables", one can engineer quantum change itself, even before collapse
   of the wave function. That is, one can speak of engineering physical reality
   itself.
   Indeed, one would now be dealing with physics on a notion of the
   "information content" of hidden physical processes, where the hidden
   informational content of interacting energies can produce startling and unusual
   phenomenology, including violation of all present macroscopic conservation and
   exclusion laws. Very strange effects are already known in quantum mechanics,
   which conceivably may be due to the interaction of such infolded information
   structures. For example, one can sometimes even influence or decide the outcome
   of at least one type of experimental interaction after it has apparently already
   happened. In the two-slit experiment, one can wait until after the interactions
   with the electron are completed, and still select whether the electron will
   exhibit a classical particle or a quantum interference (wave) nature in the
   interaction. See, for example, John Archibald Wheeler, "The 'Past' and the
   'Delayed-Choice' Double-Slit Experiment", in A.R. Marlow, ea., "Mathematical
   Foundations of Quantum Theory", Academic Press, N.Y., 1978.
   Soviet scientists have particularly focused on the infolded
   structure of electromagnetic waves, referring to this structure as the
   "information content" of the fields. They have intensely applied this approach
   to the study of biological systems; for example, see N.D. Devyatkov and M.B.
   Golant, "Prospects for the use of millimeter-range electromagnetic radiation as
   a highly informative instrument for studying specific processes in living
   organisms", Soviet Technical Physics Letters, 12 (3), Mar. 1986, p. 118-119; See
   also N.D. Devyatkov (ed.), Applications of low-intensity millimeter-wave
   radiation in biology and medicine (in Russian), IRE Akad. Nauk. SSR, Moscow
2. Further, each type of cellular disease has its particular EM radiation
   structure; it has been shown that the EM radiation structure (the EM
   information) emitted by diseased cells are capable of inducing that same disease
   physiology and symptomology in distant cells. See Vlail Kaznacheyev,
   "Electromagnetic bioinformation in intercellular interactions", PSI Research,
   1(1), Mar. 1982, p.47-76. It follows that time-reversing (phase-conjugating) the
   mitogenetic "disease" information signal could provide a "healing" signal for a
   specific cellular disease condition (See Bearden, "AIDS: Biological Warfare",
   1988 for an extended discussion, and appreciable details of the Priore device
   which utilized such an approach to demonstrate nearly 100% cures of terminal
   cancers, leukemias, and other diseases in laboratory animals).
   The weapon implications using modulated electromagnetic carriers

are obvious, and it is significant that: (1) over-the-horizon (OTH) beams from
Soviet giant microwave OTH radars continually intersect over North America, (2)
the world's greatest expert in EM induction of cellular disease at a distance V.
Kaznacheyev - is associated with two secret institutes in the outskirts of
Moscow which produce microwave-directed energy weapons, and (3) extensive health
changes have occurred over the decades in personnel in the US Embassy in Moscow,
where weak microwave radiation has been beamed against the building since the
early 1950's. Actual measured EM field data inside the Embassy reveals a strong
correlation between the locations where induced health problems in Embassy
personnel occurred, and the locations where the EM force fields from the Soviet
microwave radiation were minimal or zero. Note that the areas where EM force
fields are absent or minimal represents those areas where the potentials are
strongest. The high correlation of disease induction to those specific areas,
strongly indicates that the Soviets have deliberately used structured EM
potentials in the microwave radiation to induce diseases in Embassy personnel.
It is obvious that this has been a continuing test stimulus to see (by US
response at the site or lack of it) whether or not we are knowledgeable in
scalar EM and in structured EM potential disease induction technology and
weapons. Installation of aluminum screens over the windows merely decreased the
force field components, not the potentials. Obviously we have continually
certified our ignorance of scalar EM.

1. The physical interpretation of the zero vector is
   interesting. To the external observer, a zero translation vector applied to an
   object or point merely means the absence of observed translation of that object
   or point. If, in addition, no infolded finite vector components exist in the
   zero-vector, then no internal stress due to the zero-vector exists internal to
   the object or point. If, on the other hand, infolded finite vector components
   exist in the zero-vector (that is, if it is a zero-vector-resultant system of
   multiple non-zero translation vectors), then internal stress due to the
   zero-vector system exists internal to the object or point. In other words, there
   are two kinds of zero-translation vectors: (1) those that have no infolded
   internal finite structure, and (2) those that do have an internal, infolded
   finite structure. One of these zero vectors is stress-free, while the other is a
   stressing system. The latter class of zero translation vector constitutes a
   potential, contains a massless charge, and represents a direct curvature of
   local space-time with a deterministic, infolded structure that affects a
   surrounding region of space-time.
2. See also R. Chen, "Cancellation of Internal Forces",
   American Journal of Physics, 49(4), Apr. 1981, p. 372 for a discussion of
   summation vectors and internal vectors. Internal forces occur in equal and
   opposite pairs (i.e., as stresses), so they contribute nothing to the sum (i.e.
   to external translation).
3. Unfortunately Einstein studied the prevalent Heaviside
   version of Maxwell's electromagnetic theory in university. Therefore he studied
   only a subset, and one in which EM and G are mutually exclusive a priori. Since
   potential with curvature of space-time, that meant that he would of necessity
   assume that EM forces did not curve local space-time. After all, EM forces
   simply radiate away as EM radiation, fleeing at the speed of light. So no EM
   force was going to be around long enough to warp space-time.
   Accordingly, Einstein was left with the weak gravitational force
   between masses as the only force with which to curve space-time. The
   mass-attraction G-force is so weak that only adjacent to a stupendous collection
   of mass - such as the Sun or a star - would there be sufficient space-time
   curvature to even detect. Einstein reasoned that the observer and the laboratory
   would never be on the surface of the Sun or at the surface of a star;
   consequently, he assumed that - where the observer and the laboratory were
   located - the local frame would be a Lorentz frame and local space-time would
   never be curved. In other words, Einstein did not write a general theory of
   curved (anisotropic) space-time at all. Instead, he wrote a severely restricted
   subset of such a theory. He wrote a sort of special relativity with distant
   perturbations, where all the "general" relativity occurs at an appreciable
   distance from the observer, and then only at or near a huge collection of mass.
   This had several results (considered advantages by orthodox
   scientists). (1) it strongly implied that one would never have a direct
   experimental science of general relativity on the laboratory bench. After all,
   if the local space-time is uncurved, it means there is no local general
   relativity. (2) it assumed that it was impossible to utilize the far stronger EM

forces (which are some 10exp36 to 10exp42 times as strong as the G-force) to
make gravitational potential. And with the denigration of the EM potentials as
having no physical reality, Heaviside's force field-oriented EM theory diverted
one directly away from considering the constitution of EM potentials as having
any relevance to anything physical. (31 it saved the sacrosanct conservation
laws, which had been raised to a dogma.
Ironically, after assuming that local space-time was never
curved, Einstein spent the rest of his life futilely striving to get
electromagnetics back into general relativity fold, to form a unified field
theory. He failed - never realizing that it was his own assumption of a
locally-uncurved space-time that doomed all his efforts to failure.
In the West, Einstein's severely restricted general relativity
has itself become tantamount to dogma, and any challenge to the sacrosanctity of
the conservation laws results in immediate alarm. This is not true at all in the
Soviet Union, where leading academicians regularly publish papers detailing
aspects of an unrestricted general relativity, where local space-time can be
curved and where all conservation laws can be violated.
For example, see A.A. Vlasov and V.I. Denisov, "Einstein's
formula for gravitational radiation is not a consequence of the general theory
of relativity", Theoretical and Mathematical Physics, 53 (3) June 1983 (English
translation; Russian publication Dec. 1982), p. 406-418. Quoting: "... in
general relativity there are no energy-momentum conservation laws for a system
consisting of matter and the gravitational field."
See also V.I. Denisov and A.A. Logunov, "New theory of
space-time and gravitation", July 1982, p. 3-76. This paper (p.3) points out
that "... the gravitational field in general relativity is completely different
from other physical fields and is not a field in the spirit of Faraday and
Maxwell.".
A 1984 Soviet paper by senior Russian physicist C. Yu.
Bosgoslovsky, "Generalization of Einstein's Relativity Theory for the
anisotropic space-time", is also very relevant. See also V.I. Denisov and A.A.
Logunov, "The inertial mass defined in General Relativity has no physical
meaning", preprint p. 0214, Institute of Nuclear Research, USSR Academy of
Science, Moscow, 1981.
For documentation of a near-conspiracy in the West against
refutation of Einstein's restricted general relativity, see Ruggero Maria
Santilli, "Ethical Probe on Einstein's followers in the U.S.A.: An Insider's
View", Alpha Publishing, POB 82, Newtonville, MA 02160, 1984.
The assumed mutual exclusion of EM and G can be theoretically
shown to be false. See R.M. Santilli, "Parsons and Gravitation: Some puzzling
questions", Annals of Physics, 83 (1), Mar. 1974, p. 108-157. It can also be
experimentally proven to be false.
For some years John Hutchison of Vancouver, Canada has performed
experiments where he places a sample (material or object) between two giant
Tesla coils, then violently activates the coils. The two coils provide "strong
bucking EM force fields" into and onto the sample, with many, many frequencies
and randomly varying multi-wave interactions. The irradiation also produces
strong, fluctuating ELF components, in and on the central object. Gravitation in
a mass varies as a function of the magnitude of the carried by the interacting pump photons, hence inversely
as the energy and frequency of the pump photons.
When phasing conditions and target internal conditions are just
right, nonlinearities in the central target object act to a certain degree as a
nonlinear medium of sufficient reflectivity to be considered a pumped phase
conjugate mirror (though certainly one of very low efficiency). Under fortuitous
conditions, the object is levitated, since its nuclei are being pumped with an
ELF scalar wave and forced to produce a great deal of excess negative time. In
negative time, masses repel rather than attract; hence the more in the photons, the more antigravity produced and built
up in the nucleus.
While Hutchison's experiments are relatively uncontrolled, he
has produced verifiable results: for example, a major German laboratory has
found alterations in the metal of his sample that are previously unknown, and
which cannot be duplicated by any other known procedure. His approach is
essentially no cruder than the "get a bigger hammer" approach of high energy
physics; he just does not have the facilities, funds, and team of supporting
scientists to meticulously instrument his results and stabilize his fields. And
he certainly has suffered great derision from orthodox engineers and scientists
who do not at all understand the principles utilized in his experiments.

Nevertheless, Hutchison is right and all the deriding pundits are wrong.

1. Utilizing the microstructure of the vacuum is something
   which orthodox scientists have never even tried. For confirmation, see Tsung Dao
   Lee, "Particle physics and Introduction to Field Theory", Harwood Academic
   Publishers, N. Y., 1981, Second printing with corrections, 1982, p. 1957.
2. The sine-squared wave is of extraordinary importance. Its
   characteristics were independently discovered by John Bedini experimentally, as
   a special means he discovered and utilized to greatly enhance and control EM
   effects on cells and cellular structures. In a nonlinear medium such as living
   tissue, an ordinary EM sine-squared wave of appropriate frequency causes
   generation of its own phase conjugated replica in the body. The two waves are
   locked together by the modulation effect, and form a sine-squared scalar EM wave
   which penetrates widely throughout the body, even to the atomic nuclei, with
   greatly decreased power levels required. By modulating this wave with specific
   "healing photons" designed for a specific disease, internal EM healing via
   structured EM potentials (i.e., by the specifically-tailored information content
   of the EM potentials) can be introduced throughout the body's own "cellular
   information system". Photobiology, little known in the West, nevertheless has
   great promise and offers a potential for healing a great many diseases presently
   impossible or difficult to cure.
3. Along the lines developed in Bearden, "AIDS: Biological
   Warfare", Tesla Book Co., 1988.
4. For a comprehensive engineering overview of the theory of
   four-wave mixing, see David M. Pepper, "Nonlinear Optical Phase Conjugation",
   Optical Engineering, 21 (2), Mar./Apr. 1982, p. 150-183.
5. For a detailed, cautious overview of time-reversal in
   physics in general, see Robert C. Sachs, "The Physics of Time Reversal",
   University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1987.
6. For a useful discussion of the theory of parametric
   oscillation, see V.V. Migulin et al, "Basic Theory of Oscillations", Ed. V.V.
   Migulin, translated from Russian by George Yankovsky, Mir Publishers, Moscow,
   1983 (revised from the 1978 Russian edition).
7. See Bearden, "Extraordinary Physics", ibid. for a discussion
   of negative time.
8. A close associate, John Bedini, has accomplished such
   transmutation of elements in the laboratory in proprietary experiments. Indeed,
   transmutation can be accomplished by scalar EM means at extremely low power and
   energy - at levels so weak that living systems can and do accomplish limited
   transmutation of elements. Louis Kervran was a Nobel nominee in 1977 for proving
   just that. For example, see his "Biological transmutations", Crosby Lockwood,
   London, 1972; "Transmutations Biologiques", Libraire Maloine, Paris, 1962;
   "Transmutations a faible energie (naturelles et biologiques)", Libraire Maloine,
   Paris, 1972.
9. For an extended discussion, the reader is again referred to
   Bearden, "Extraordinary Physics" in "AIDS: Biological Warfare", 1988.
10. Maxwell himself was well aware of the importance of EM
    stress in the medium, though he had apparently not realized that this
    represented electrogravitational potential. For example, quoting from his
    "Treatise", Vol. 1 3rd edition, (New York, 1954), p. 10: "There are physical
    quantities of another kind which are related to directions to space, but which
    are not vectors. Stresses and strains in solid bodies are examples, and so are
    some of the properties of bodies considered in the theory of elasticity and in
    the theory of double refraction. Quantities of this class require for their
    definition nine numerical specifications. They are expressed in the language of
    quaternions by linear and vector functions of a vector."
    Note that, since Maxwell assumed a material ether, he obviously
    assumed it to have such stress and strain characteristics, and knew that this
    situation was captured by the quaternions.
11. Santilli, "Ethical Probe... ", 1984.
12. Denisov and Logunov, "New Theory... ", ibid.; Vlasov and
    Denisov, ibid., Bosgoslovsky, ibid.
13. Denisov and Logunov, "The Inertial Mass... ", ibid.
14. See the several weapons references by Bearden, previously
    listed
    above. Orgone energy as a motor force
    Richard A. Blasband, M.D.P. O. Box 0870INVERNESS,
    California 94937United States of America
    In 1940, the course of investigations into the nature of the
    emotions, the psychoanalyst Wilhelm Reich discovered a heretofore little known
    cosmic energy that functioned within biological systems as the life energy.
    Further investigations over the next seven years revealed that this energy,

"orgone energy", could be accumulated from the atmosphere, concentrated within
an enclosure, and used as a motor force.
In 1937, believing that human emotions were essentially
bioelectrical in nature, Reich studied changes in electrical skin potentials on
subjects in various states of emotive expression (1). This study confirmed his
clinical impression and theoretical concept that in emotional states "something
moved" within the organism. This "something", however, while measurable in
electrical terms, could not be electricity per se, as the large quantities of
feelings felt and expressed by subjects in the study could not be accounted for
by the few dozens of millivolts registered on the skin surface. Furthermore the
application of electricity to the body was always perceived as alien and
disturbing.
In order to further delineate the nature of the "something",
Reich studied biological energy sources, foodstuffs, under the microscope. He
discovered that all foods, regardless of their nature, when subjected to
boiling, broke down into microscopic vesicles that moved from place to place,
showed internal pulsation, and had a bluish glimmer in their transparent, liquid
content. Reich named the vesicles "bions" (2). Reich then found that inorganic
materials such as earth, iron fillings, carbon and sand, when subjected to
autoclavation or incandescent heat, would also break down into bions similar in
appearance to those obtained from organic substances. Furthermore, when placed
in nutrient media, the carbon and sand bions could be cultured.
The bions showed some remarkable properties. These included the
ability to immobilize or destroy bacteria, produce a strong inflammatory
reaction when placed close to the skin, to ruminate, and to charge rubber with
static electricity. The atmosphere in Reich's laboratory in Oslo was always
"heavy"; metallic instruments spontaneously became magnetized; photographic
plates spontaneously fogged; Reich tanned, even in the winter, and felt
unusually strong and well, except for an inflammation of the eyes, that was
apparently related to observing the bions through the microscope.
Orgone energy from bions and the atmosphere
Reich was, however, concerned that the cultures might be
radiating radioactively. He consulted a radiation specialist, who ruled out
radioactivity. Experiments over the following months convinced Reich that the
radiation from the bion cultures could not be accounted for by any known
conventional form of energy. He was forced to conclude that he was working with
a natural force previously unknown to Western science. He named it "orgone
energy" because of its ability to be absorbed by organic materials and the fact
that his research began with the clinical study of the function of the orgasm in
humans.
The orgone energy ruminated in the form of "purple fogs" and
fine, lightning-like, whitish sparks. In order to better visualize the
rumination Reich placed bion culture dishes inside a metal-lined, wooden box,
thinking that the metal would reflect the radiation to the inside of the box,
thereby making it more visible, while the wood would prevent the radiation from
escaping. Through a glass plate in one side of the box he was, indeed, better
able to see the rumination. To his surprise, however, he found the light effects
persisted after removal of the cultures and even after thoroughly airing and
washing the enclosure. It was then that Reich realized that the orgone energy
was everywhere and that in some way the structure of the enclosure made it
possible to concentrate the energy from the atmosphere.
Through further experimentation he found that orgone energy was
atracted to and repelled from metals and absorbed by non-metallic substances.
Therefore, an enclosure consisting of alternating layers of non-metallic and
metallic materials with the metal innermost would establish a gradient of energy
from the atmosphere to the interior of the enclosure. Most often the materials
wed were celotex, rock wool, steel wool and galvanized iron, although one could
also use plastic, fiberglass and other metals. (Figure 1).
Aluminum could be used in strictly physical experimentation, but
could be toxic in living organisms. Reich later found by objective measurement
that a box consisting of six alternating layers of material would concentrate
orgone energy eight times what it was in the surrounding atmosphere.
Figure 1. Section of the basic design
of an Orgone accumulator
To = temp above accumulator; Ti = temp within; T = control (room
temp) El = electroscope; = direction of
radiation. Size: 1 cubic foot
The interior of the "orgone energy accumulator" as Reich called

the enclosure felt warm and tingling even though the inner metal wall felt cold.
This subjective impression was objectively confirmed by measuring the
temperature within the accumulator. It was always warmer than the ambient air or
a suitable control box by several tenths of a degree to up to two degrees
Centigrade (3).
Reich knew the tremendous significance of this finding. It was a
violation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics, which was considered inviolable
by classical physics. The accumulator could raise its own temperature without
work being done to do so. A variety of controlled studies by Reich and, in
recent years by his students, has confirmed this phenomenon (4,5,6).
Figure 2. "Background, cosmic"
radiation at about 1000 volts.
Another means of objectifying the presence of an anomalous
energetic force is the behaviour of a static electroscope placed within the
enclosure. The so-called "natural leak" of charge from a statically-charged
electroscope is significantly slowed down within the accumulator (7). No known
classical electrical process can account for this phenomenon. Reich came to see
static electricity as being a common manifestation of orgone energy. The natural
leak from the electroscope within the accumulator is slowed because the
electroscope discharges into a higher orgone concentration than exists in the
outside air.
Slowing of the electroscopic discharge rate and the temperature
increase within the accumulator (temperature within the accumulator minus
temperature of the ambient air, To - T) parallel each other. Both are dependent
on external energetic factors, most significantly the weather, and can be used
to forecast coming weather changes.
The genesis of the orgone energy motor
In 1947, following seven years of investigation of the
biological and physical properties of orgone energy, Reich acquired a
Geiger-Muller field meter in preparation for studying the interaction between
orgone energy and radioactivity. At his laboratory in Rangely, Maine, Reich
found that the GM counter initially reacted normally, registering the background
count caused by natural radioactivity and gamma radiation of cosmic origin. It
was, however, unresponsive to proximity to orgone energy accumulating
structures. Within a few days, inexplicably, the instrument appeared "dead",
being unresponsive to background radiation and even to a small x-ray source.
The device was checked periodically, but remained completely
unreactive until about two months later, when on routine check the pointer of
the impulse recorder began instantly to rotate at the rate of one full turn per
second, a great velocity for this device. This corresponded to about 100
impulses per second, an enormous reaction compared to the normal background
count of 15 - 25 counts per minute. On further testing Reich obtained counts of
six to eight thousand counts per minute (cpm), yielding 1.15 rotations per
second, a continuous rotation of the recorder (8). At that time the highest
counts ever obtained with radioactive substances was 3000 cpm with that brand of
GM counter. Reich realized that he was witnessing a possible motor force in
orgone energy. The orgone energy was, somehow, through the GM counter, being
transformed into electromagnetic and mechanical energy. By a detailed functional
dissection of the GM effect and the use of special vacuum tubes to intensify the
concentration of orgone energy, Reich later found the way to more directly run
an electric motor on orgone energy.
Figure 3. Geiger effect of orgone
energy by cpm and voltage increases.
Figure 4. Self-charging capacity of
orgone energy.
Figure 5. Reaction of a control tube
100 feet away from laboratory for one month.
Reich found that the metal outer cylinder of the counter tube of
the GM device attracted orgone energy from the atmosphere and that the GM effect
could be killed by simply removing the metal cylinder from the glass counting
tube. The motor effect reappeared instantly upon replacing the metal cylinder or
on putting the naked glass counter tube into an orgone energy accumulator. The
effect would diminish before rainstorms and recover after a storm had passed
through. This was consistent with earlier observations of temperature and
electroscopic changes within the accumulator in varying weather conditions.
These and other observations convinced Reich that the motor
effect occurred because the counter tube had "soaked up" orgone energy through
constant exposure to the high ambient orgonotic charge in the laboratory. Since
the counter tube consists of an inner metal cathode and an outer nonmetallic