vector theory become a valid representation (model).
Maxwell himself was an excellent mathematician of the time (16)
(17), of ability far beyond that of most of the contemporary electrical
theorists and experimenters (18) (19). Possibly as a result, both his early
lectures and writings were therefore difficult - or even nearly impossible - for
his contemporaries to comprehend (20). It required the translation of Maxwell's
theory (20) into the abbreviated and clearer, more readily understood vector
mathematics of Oliver Heaviside (22), and the publication of clearer and much
simpler expositions by Heaviside (23), before "Maxwell's theory" - or at least
the Heaviside subset of it - began to capture the attention of leading
university electrical scientists (24).
At the same time, the major expositor of the tough, obtuse and
very difficult quaternion theory - Prof. Peter Guthrie Tait - was a stubborn,
fiery, argumentative mathematician rather than a physicist. He also delayed
preparing his exposition of quaternion theory until a number of years had passed
and his mentor, Hamilton, had had time to rework his own obtuse, difficult book
(25) (26). While Tait delayed, scientists and engineers beset with practical
problems in the real world of industry were frantically seeking a simplified
theory that: (1) could be readily grasped and understood, and (2) could
immediately be applied to solve their practical problems of equipment design and
building. The only available and accessible simplified theory of
electromagnetism that fitted their urgent needs was the clear, simplified and
imminently practical work of Oliver Heaviside - who himself held no degree and
was self-educated.
Accordingly, the die was cast. Working engineers and leading
scientists focused upon Heaviside's vector interpretation of Maxwell's difficult
quaternionic expressions. In Heaviside's version the engineering calculations
were enormously eased, and electrical engineers could get solutions to their
pressing problems and get on with their business of constructing electrical
devices and electrical machinery. Except for a very few mathematical scientists
who could handle the heavy labours of quaternions, Heaviside's electromagnetics
rapidly became the ipso facto standard.
A major schism developed between the increasingly isolated few
quaternionists and the steadily multiplying vectorists, slowly growing to white
heat in the literature A final duel to the death became inevitable.
The duel exploded before the turn of the century and a short,
sharp debate occurred among about 30 or so scientists and in about 12 journals
(27). The culmination was quick - complete victory by the vectorists. The
quaternion EM theory was simply cast out, and the scientific community turned to
Heaviside's limited vector subset of the Maxwell theory. The short "debate" only
confirmed what had already become an accomplished fact: the Heaviside vector
analysis translation of the EM subset of Maxwell's theory was already
universally accepted and applied.
Vector Analysis Excised Electrogravitation
Ironically, in their great haste to seize upon Heaviside's
simpler, clearer explanation of EM and get on with solving practical engineering
problems, the nineteenth century scientists gave up something of far greater
value: the unification of EM and gravity, and the ability to directly engineer
gravitation itself.
Maxwell had actually written a unified field theory of
electromagnetics and gravitation - not just the unification of electricity and
magnetism as is commonly believed (28). Further, this can readily be shown by
examining some significant even startling - elementary differences between
quaternion mathematics and the present vector mathematics (29) (30) (31) (32).
Let us briefly look at one of these key differences, to show
that the present vector mathematics expression of Maxwell's theory is only a
subset of his quaternion theory (33).
What Heaviside's theory specifically omitted was
electrogravitation (KG) - the ability to transform electromagnetic force field
energy into gravitational potential energy, and vice-versa. And that has been
omitted because of the assumptions of the vector theory in the nature of: (1) EM
vector field combination, and (2) a zero-vector resultant of the interaction of
multiple nonzero EM force vectors (34) (35).
Briefly, in Heaviside's vector mathematics, the abstract vector
space in which the vectors exist has no stress nor consequent "curvature" in it.
That is, the mathematical vector space does not change due to interactions
between the vectors it "contains". This, of course is not necessarily true in
the "real space" of the physical world. Thus when such an abstract vector space
and its concomitant coordinate system are taken to model physical space
(physical reality), the model will be valid only when the physical space itself
has no appreciable local curvature, and is in a state of total equilibrium with
respect to its interactions with observable charged particles and masses.
So abstract vector theory implicitly assumes "no locked-in
stress energy of the vector space itself". By assumption, the only interactions
are between the objects (the vectors) placed in/on that space. Therefore, when
two or more translation vectors sum or multiply locally to a zero-vector
translation resultant, in such an "unstressable" vector space one is justified
in: (1) replacing the system of summing/multiplying translation vector
components with a zero-vector, and (2) discarding the previous translation
vector components of the zero-vector system. That is, one may properly equate
the translation zero-vector system with a zero-vector, since the presence or
absence of the combined vectors can have no further action. Specifically,
axiomatically they exert no stress on the abstract vector space. Under those
assumptions, the system can be replaced by its equivalent zero-factor alone.
Note that, applied to electromagnetics, this modeling procedure
eliminates any theoretical possibility of electrogravitation (EM stress
curvature of local space-time) a priori.
Force Vectors are Translations of Stress
Conceptually, a force vector is actually a release of some
implied stress in a local medium. The force is applied to create stress in a
second local region immediately adjacent to the primary region of stress. Of
course the stress being thus "translated" by the force vector may be either
tensile or compressive in nature, but a priori the force vector always
represents the translation of that stress from its tail-end toward its head.
Consequently, an EM force vector is a gradient (inflow or
outflow) in a scalar EM potential (stress), where the referent potential stress
may be either tensile or compressive. Since modern Heaviside-type vectors do not
distinguish between, or even recognize, the two "head and tail" scalar EM
potentials involved in a vector, one needs to refer to Whittaker (36) to get it
right. Whittaker, a fine mathematician in his own right, showed that any vector
field can be replaced by two scalar waves. Unfortunately, the
electrogravitational implications of Whittaker's profound work were not
recognized and followed up, and their connection to Maxwell's quaternionic EM
theory was not noticed nor examined.
So the idea of a vector EM force represents a release of a
primary "tail-associated" scalar potential, and a bleedoff of that potential. It
represents an increase in its primary "head-associated" scalar potential, and a
bleed into that potential. Each scalar potential itself represents trapped EM
energy density in the local vacuum, in the form of two or more (even an infinite
number of) internal (infolded) EM force vector components (which may be either
fixed, dynamic, or a blend of the two). The trapped energy density, however, may
be either positive or negative with respect to the local energy density of the
standard ambient vacuum, since the potential may be either compressive or
tensile.
Maxwell's Electrogravitation Was Lost
Today we know that all potentials are gravitational and curve
space-time; it is well-known in general relativity that gravitational curvature
is simply the set of many potentials. One therefore can see that a vector EM
wave represents a progressive translation wave in the vacuum EM potential - in
the local EM-induced curvature of space-time. This EM change in local curvature
of space-time moves away at the speed of light, producing only the most fleeting
or momentary changes in curvature of any localized space-time region.
We note here as an aside: Only in a standing EM wave and in
phase waves of coupled EM waves is there any deviation from the "momentary and
then lost" change in the local space-time curvature. In those cases, the
"persistence" of the local change in potential is an adverse function of
frequency; hence at extremely low frequencies EM potential change persistence is
sufficient to produce some very small electrogravitational effects. The effect
is still slight, however, since the normal concept of "standing EM wave"
represents a standing force vector situation, which is actually a stabilized
spatial bleedoff of the potential. If a standing scalar EM wave is produced as
in the two opposing pump waves in nonlinear optics pumped phase conjugate
mirrors - then the stress is not primarily spatial, but temporal. Spatial
effects then occur by particle-coupling - either in the virtual particle flux of
vacuum or from the nucleus of an atom to the electron shells, and out into the
material lattice structure. In the case of a standing scalar wave,
electrogravitational effects are highly magnified because of the conversion of
the primary potential stress to the time component. This increases the EG
effects obtainable by a factor up to 9x10exp16. For this situation, at ELF
standing scalar EM wave frequencies, very appreciable electrogravitational
effects can be locally obtained.
The "Bottom Line" of EM Force-Field Theory
Thus concentrating only on the force fields of Maxwellian EM
theory is equatable to concentrating on the situation where any localized
electrogravitational effect that is temporarily formed is instantly released at
the speed of light. The EG-effect in such a system is so small and fleeting,
that the possibility of any persisting or significant local gravitational
effects may be ignored.
Because of this, in any EM theory based only on the force fields
and focusing only on their effects, then: (1) EM forces and their derivative
effects may be represented by elementary Heaviside/Gibbs vector theory,
including the equivalence of the zero-translation vector and any zero
summed/multiplied system of nonzero translation vectors, (2) a system of EM
forces which sum or multiply to a zero resultant may be discarded outright and
the zero-vector substituted, (3) the effect of an EM potential is only to serve
as an accumulator from which an EM force may be produced, and only its nonzero
gradient will be thought to have any physical significance, (4) translation of
EM forces (i.e., of potential gradients) and their effects on charged matter
will assume primary importance, and (5) the potentials themselves may be
regarded as simply mathematical conveniences and of little importance. This is
precisely the subset of Maxwell's electromagnetics extracted and written so
clearly by Heaviside.
As was Hertz, Heaviside was adamantly opposed to attaching any
sort of physical reality to the potentials, preferring that they should be
excised and "murdered". An indelible imprint - that potentials were
“mysticism" and at best only mathematical conveniences - was imposed upon
physics by Heaviside and Hertz (21). This rigid mindset was not to lessen (at
least in quantum mechanics) until 1959; it was not to be assuaged until the
mid-1960's (22) (37).
How EM Potentials are Regarded Today
So in 1988, we have finally arrived at the state where the
potentials are more-or-less understood by a consensus of quantum physicists as
being the primary EM reality, while the force fields are now seen to be
secondary effects generated from the potentials.
This understanding, however, still has a long way to go before
it penetrates the main bastions of physics and electrical engineering. Most
scientists and electrical engineers are still adamantly committed to the
Heaviside version of Maxwell's theory, and are strongly conditioned that the EM
force fields are the primary effectors in electromagnetics.
They are also nearly totally resistant to the idea that there
may be a fundamental error in automatically replacing a zero-resultant system of
EM translation force vectors with a zero factor, rather than replacing the
system with the combination of a conditional zero vector (conditional for
translation only) and a scalar stress potential. Consequently, most orthodox
scientists and engineers are still strongly conditioned against quaternions, and
erroneously believe that Heaviside's translation was complete. Seemingly it has
never occurred to most mathematicians and scientists that zero-vectors are
usually not truly equal. Stress-wise, zero resultant combinant systems of
multiple translation vectors usually differ in: (1) magnitude, (2) polarization,
(3) type of stress, (4) frequency components, (5) nonlinear components, and (6)
dynamic internal variation (38).
Vectors Versus Quaternions: The Cross Product
In a conventional 3-dimensional vector, one may have three
vector components, such as (in Cartesian coordinates):
(1)
where are unit vectors in the
directions of the x, y and z axes respectively and a, b and c are constants. In
the right side of equation (1), the three components of vector v are:
(2)
Obviously if the vector components of vector are zero vectors, then:
(3)
We shall be interested in the vector product of two identical
vectors , where
x= (4)
where A is the length (magnitude) of vector , is the angle between
the two vectors (in this case zero), and is
the zero vector.
After Heaviside and Gibbs, electrical engineers are trained to
replace the cross product x with the zero vector ,
discarding the components of the zero vector system as having no further
consequences, either electromagnetically or physically.
Now let us look at the comparable quaternion expression of this
situation. First, in addition to the three vector components, a quaternion also
has a scalar component, w. So the quaternion q corresponding to vector is:
(5)
The physical interpretation of equation (5) is that there
locally exists a stress w in the medium and a translation change in that stress.
When the quaternion is multiplied times itself (that is, times
an identical quaternion), the vector part zeros, just as it did for the vector
expression. However, the scalar part does not go to zero. Instead, we have:
(6)
There is a very good physical interpretation of this result. The
zero translation vector resultant for the
system shows that the system now does not produce translation of a charged
particle. Because the force vectors have been infolded, the scalar term shows
that the system is stressing, and the magnitude of that stress is given by the
scalar term .
Notice that the zero vector in equation (6) does not represent
the absence of translation vectors, but it represents the presence of a system
of multiple (in this case, two) vectors, one of them acting upon the other in
such a manner that their external translation effect has been lost and only
their stress effect remains (39). The quaternion scalar expression has, in fact,
captured the local stress due to the forces acting one on the other, so to
speak. It is focused on the local stress, and the abstract vector space, adding
a higher dimension to it.
In other words, the in
equation (6) represents the internal stress action of a nontranslating system of
vectors that are present, infolded, and acting internally together on the common
medium that entraps them and locks them together. The two translation vectors
have formed a deterministically substructured medium-stressing system, and this
is a local gravitational effect.
One sees that, if we would capture gravitation in a vector
mathematics theory of EM, we must again restore the scalar term and convert the
vector to a quaternion, so that one captures the quaternionically infolded
stresses. These infolded stresses actually represent curvature effects in the
abstract vector space itself. Changing to quaternions changes the abstract
vector space, adding higher dimensions to it.
Artificial Electrogravitational Timestress
Let us assume for a moment that the two identical vectors
and are
electric forces. Then represents the case
where they are "locked together" in a local medium.
We now recall the modern quantum mechanical view that no
"static" thing exists as such in the universe. A macroscopic "static" force - at
quantum level - represents a continual constant rate of quantum change. In the
case of an electrical force, it represents a continual constant rate of flux
exchange of virtual photons.
The zero vector in equation (6) represents a constant exchange
of macroscopically organized virtual energy into the local medium. Consequently,
it represents continual internal work into and onto the local medium, but
without translating it.
So a zero vector system of nonzero vector components represents
internal or "infolded" constantly-working forces (internal to the medium) where
the system does not cause translation of the point or region of application,
whereas a nonzero vector and a nonzero vector system represent external forces
which cause at least some translation of the point or region of application,
unless this translation is nullified by other forces (40).
Physically, equation (6) may now be seen to state that: (1)
internal forces (in the form of an internal stress) are present in the local
medium but no translation force is present, and (2) these internal forces are
continually performing internal work on the local medium without external
translation. Since the translation vector component has spatially zeroed, then
the scalar component that results may be taken to represent the time rate of
expenditure of this internal work that is being done on the local medium - that
is, it represents the extra internal power (which is simply the extra energy
density of time) now being expended locally in and on the medium as a sink. If
the vector components of the zero vector system are oriented outward, then the
scalar stress component changes sign and it represents the extra internal power
locally flowing out of the medium as a source.
Infolded Structuring is Dynamic and Complex
As can be realized, by changing the magnitudes, phasing,
directions, rotations and dynamic frequencies of the vector components of the
zero-vector stress system, very elaborate and sophisticated structuring of the
local space-time medium (the local vacuum) may be deterministically constructed
and controlled at will.
The continually performed internal work represents an increase
or decrease in the local energy density of the medium, hence in the stress of
the medium. However, note that this stress - either compressive or tensile is in
and on the rate of flow of local time in the region. This timestress represents
an artificial stress potential, where by "artificial" we mean that the
timestress of the local medium is structured and macroscopically patterned (and
controlled) deterministically; translation of that timestress is spatially
radiating out over a finite macroscopic neighbourhood of the local point or
region of application. This may be contrasted to a "natural" potential where the
internal component stress vectors in the surrounding spatial neighbourhood are
microscopic and randomly varying in all directions.
In equation (6), then, we have a local gravitational effect - a
local increase in the energy density of a vacuum. Because the large EM force is
utilized rather than the weak G-force, and because it is a timestress condition,
it is a powerful local general relativistic effect. Because the local vacuum
flux is significantly altered, we have a locally curved space-time which is
significantly anisotropic, in violation to one of the fundamental (and
crippling) assumptions of Einsteinian general relativity. Further, this is an
electrogravitational effect. since it is a gravitational effect produced by
purely electromagnetic means (41).
We have therefore produced a local curvature of space-time, and
done so electromagnetically.
What is even more astonishing to the conventional relativist is
that this local curvature startling enough in its own right - is also
deterministically structured, and we can control the structuring at will. Hence
we can engineer (structure) the vacuum itself (42).
But to return to equation (6).
The EG Sine-Squared Stress Wave
Suppose that represents a
time-varying -field vector and its amplitude is
of the form:
(7)
Then:
(8)
and this is a scalar EM stress wave, of variation of the local
curvature of the vacuum. It is a powerful electrogravitational (scalar
electromagnetic) wave, particularly if we produce it as a standing wave and use
it to "pump" atomic nuclei in a rhythmically varying manner (43).
Briefly, a sine-squared wave has the appearance of a sort of
"skinny" sine wave a near-sawtoothed wave that is now oscillating about an
increased bias. In other words, the wave of equation (8) represents a scalar EM
(an KG) wave that pumps the atomic nuclei of a targeted material, holding those
nuclei at an excited average potential level. The wave has strong and very
useful applications in - among other things - electrohealing. (44).
Example: Application to Explain Four-Wave Mixing
Now most modulations are represented by similar multiplication
between two waves. Suppose we have two equal-amplitude, continuous monochromatic
-field sine-waves, introduced into a nonlinear
dielectric medium in antiparallel and antiphased fashion (45). The medium will
act as a modulator, causing the two waves to together", so that their -fields sum everywhere to a zero resultant vector
spatially. A standing sine-squared scalar EM (electrogravitational) wave of the
stress of time will be formed by the waves, very similar to equation (8) above.
This scalar wave will not appreciably react to the orbital
electron shells of an atom of the dielectric, but will not pass through these
outer "Faraday cages", reaching directly into the highly nonlinear nucleus
itself.
We invoke the quantum mechanical picture of the nucleus as: (1)
a region of local sharp curvature of space-time, (2) incredibly dynamic, with
particles of every kind continually changing, transmuting, giving off other
particles and waves, being absorbed, etc., (3) containing violent and dynamic
charges and locally trapped fierce currents, and with field strength
fluctuations reaching 10 and above, (4) in violent virtual particle exchange
with the neighbouring vacuum, and (5) on the average, positively charged, so
that it is -- on the average -- time reversed (46).
The presence of the sine-squared EG wave in the nucleus alters
the nuclear potential by - on the average - the "DC" component potential amount.
However, this delta in the potential is dynamic, varying as the sine-squared.
This dynamically oscillating potential wave constitutes a pump wave on the
nucleus itself, and it is rhythmically pumping the amplitude of the nuclear
potential itself. We may think of the pumped nucleus as now conditioned to
function as a parametric amplifier, ready to be given another "signal input"
(47).
Now let us introduce yet another small sine wave into the
nonlinear dielectric. It will modulate each of the two pump wave components,
forming a scalar modulation upon the scalar sine-squared pump wave, and riding
directly into the nucleus. In positive time, this now constitutes a "signal
input" to the "parametric amplifier nucleus". The input is absorbed and
amplified, up to the level of the pumping energy available in the pump wave that
can be "scavenged up and gated".
Internal Absorption Can Be External Emission
However, the nucleus, being time reversed, also produces a
time-reversed absorption which is seen spatially by the external observer as
constituting emission! That is, in his own positive time, the external observer
sees the time-reversed absorption as an emission event. Further, this is a time
reversal - and hence an "emission" to the external observer of the entire
parametrically amplified signal wave. (After all, in reversed time it is the
pump wave that is modulating the signal wave - a principle of importance.)
So the powerfully amplified signal wave in the parametric
amplifier is seen by the external spatial observer to be emitted from the
nucleus. In short, a time-reversed and powerful scalar wave is emitted by the
nucleus, passing back along the exact path taken by the original "signal wave".
To a time-reversed entity, that invisible path is its path ahead of it in
positive observer time. The external observer sees the emitted wave emerge as a
powerfully amplified time-reversed EM wave, backtracking precisely back along
the exact path taken by the signal wave, and appearing everywhere in phase
spatially with the continuous signal wave.
In 4-space, of course, the time-reversed wave is out of phase in
the fourth dimension, time.
Four-Wave Mixing is Like a Triode
This is the mechanism by which four-wave mixing provides a
powerfully amplified time-reversed replica of the signal wave.
Note that the entire process can be compared to a triode: the
signal wave constitutes the grid signal, the pump wave constitutes the plate
voltage, and the nucleus of the atom in the dielectric provides the self-powered
cathode.
We put in the signal wave (grid signal) and get out a 180-degree
phase-shifted, amplified phase conjugate replica (amplified plate signal). The
difference is that the PCR is phase-shifted in time, not space.
Negative Energy, Nuclear Binding and Transmutation
Note also that negative energy is already involved in the
time-reversed nucleus of the atom, as in negative time (48). Excess "negative
energy" in the nucleus means "additional binding energy", which will be
expressed as additional inertia and coupled onto the electron shells. In this
case the "inertial mass" of the pumped material increases, inversely as the
pumping frequency. Less "negative energy" in the nucleus means "decreased
binding energy", which places the nucleus in an unstable state. The nucleus can
actually be transmuted by this means (in many cases toward barium, which
apparently has the least binding energy per nucleon). Transmutation to an isomer
appears easiest, though this is not always the case (49). It seems theoretically
possible to design a complex pumping mixture of frequencies and power levels
which will cause a specific radioactive nucleus to undergo transition to a
harmless element or combination of elements. The main point is, scalar EM allows
direct production of structured electrogravitational potentials in the nucleus,
opening up the possibility of direct and controlled engineering of the nucleus
itself.
Perspective
Obviously, in this short paper we have only scratched the
surface. We have presented only the barest illustration of how Maxwell's
original quaternion theory was actually a unified field theory of
electrogravitation, where gravitation deals with the stress (enfolded and
trapped forces) of the medium, and electrogravitation deals with the
electromagnetic stress (enfolded and trapped EM forces) of the medium.
Of course, a great deal more work is necessary, but at least
this indicates the way to go to obtain a unified field theory of
electromagnetics and gravity that is practical and engineerable (50). I can only
state that the indicated approach works in the laboratory, and let it go at that
without further elaboration.
Recapitulation: From Maxwell to 1900
In summary, Maxwell himself was well-aware of the importance and
reality of the potential stress of the medium (51). However, after Maxwell's
death, Heaviside - together with Hertz - was responsible for striving to strip
away the electromagnetic potentials from Maxwell's theory, and for strongly
conditioning physicists and electrical engineers that the potentials were only
mathematical conveniences and had no physical reality. Heaviside also discarded
the scalar component of the quaternion, and - together with Gibbs - finalized
the present modern vector analysis.
The scalar component of the quaternion, however, was the term
which precisely captured the electrogravitational stress of the medium. By
discarding this term, Heaviside (aided by Hertz and Gibbs) actually discarded
electrogravitation, and the unified EM-G field aspects of Maxwell's theory.
However, the theory and the calculations were greatly simplified in so doing,
and this excision of electrogravitation provided a theory that was much more
easily grasped and applied by scientists and engineers - even though they were
now working in a subset of Maxwell's theory in which gravity and EM remained
mutually exclusive and did not interact with each other.
Shortly before 1900, the vectorists' view prevailed, and the
Heaviside version of Maxwell's theory became the established and universal "EM
theory" taught in all major universities - and erroneously taught as "Maxwell's
theory"! Though gravitation had been removed, the beautiful unification of the
electrical and magnetic fields had been retained, and so the rise in applied and
theoretical electromagnetics and electromagnetic devices began, ushering in the
modern age.
Impact on Einstein's General Relativity Theory
Unfortunately, however, the excision of electrogravitation from
Maxwell's theory was later to leave Albert Einstein with a quandary: it seemed
that the only way space-time could be curved measureably was by and at a huge
collection of mass, such as the Sun or a star. Accordingly, in constructing his
theory of general relativity, Einstein assumed that the local space-time was
never curved (since obviously the observer and his lab instruments would not be
sitting on the surface of the Sun or of a distant star). Consequently, he did
not write an unrestricted general theory of anisotropic space-time, but instead
he wrote a highly restricted sort of "special relativity with distant
perturbations" - which, nonetheless, was a revolutionary and epochal
achievement.
Ironically, Einstein then spent the remainder of his life vainly
trying to find a way to reintroduce electromagnetic fields into his general
relativity, and to provide a unified field theory of gravity and
electromagnetics. He failed, because his own prior assumption of a locally flat
space-time had already effectively ruled out the very thing he sought.
Effect on Western Search For a Unified Field Theory
Today the magical unified theory of gravitation and
electromagnetics continues to elude Western scientists, because they nearly
universally adhere to Einstein's rejection of a locally-curved space-time. In so
doing, the West largely rules out any local, laboratory-bench development of,
and experimentation with, general relativistic systems. And in turn, that
relegates general relativity to a non-experimental theory and, except for
cosmological observations, a sort of "special relativity with distant
perturbations."
The "locally flat space-time" assumption saves the conservation
laws - and Western scientists have now become nearly totally dogmatic in their
subservience to conservation. To challenge the conservation laws - and
Einstein's restricted general relativity - leads to ostracization by his peers
and vigourous suppression (52).
Soviet Theory of an Anisotropic Space-time
Soviet scientists, on the other hand, regularly publish papers
where Einstein's crippling "local flat space-time" assumption is removed and the
anisotropy of space-time is unrestricted, strongly implying that they might have
developed an experimental unified field theory (53). They also are quite frank
to publish statements that in a general relativistic system, conservation laws
do not apply (54).
In numerous previous papers and books, the present authour has
presented extensive evidence of the Soviet weaponization of electrogravitation
and hence of a unified field theory (55).
Impact on Science and Humanity
Thus a great irony now is evident in Western science. More than
120 years ago, Maxwell wrote the first paper in his unified field theory of
electrogravitation. Had Western scientists and mathematicians given greater
attention to Maxwell's quaternion theory, by 1900 we should have been developing
antigravity propulsion systems and interplanetary exploration vehicles.
Certainly humankind could have been lifted to much greater
heights than where we are today. And along the way, we just might have avoided
two great and bloody World Wars and a host of smaller ones.
In the modern geometrodynamic view, all forces are considered to
arise from, and be rooted in, the curvature of space-time - in gravitation. If
the curvature of space-time itself can easily be engineered and controlled by
electromagnetic means, the extensive application of our present advanced state
of electromagnetic development and devices can lead to control of the world of
physical reality on a scale heretofore only dreamt of in the minds of our
greatest visionaries.
Consider such a vision by Albert Einstein: Quoting:
"It would of course be a great step forward if we succeeded in
combining the gravitational field and the electromagnetic field into a single
structure. Only so could the era in theoretical physics inaugurated by Faraday
and Clerk Maxwell be brought to a satisfactory close."
With the mastery of electrogravitation and the control of
physical reality itself in our grasp, the freeing of humankind from want,
misery, and poverty would directly follow. The impact on mankind's development
would be almost beyond present human conception. Consider this vision from
Teilhard de Chardin of the mastery of physical reality and the elimination of
man's inhumanity to his fellow man:
"Someday, after we have mastered the winds, the waves, the tides
and gravity, we shall harness for God the energies of love. Then for the second
time in the history of the world man will have discovered fire."
Like Prometheus of old, in his quaternion EM theory James Clerk
Maxwell produced a blazing coal of fire, literally taking the fire of
gravitation from Olympus and giving it to human beings. Uncomprehending,
scientists heaped ashes over the fiercely glowing coal, and only warmed
themselves with the tiny trickle of electromagnetic heat that escaped the
dampening ashes. For over a hundred years, the fiery coal has been quietly lying
there, buried under the ashes, still glowing brightly.
It is time to be bold. For the enrichment of all mankind, let us
uncover Maxwell's long-dormant fiery coal and fan into full bloom the Promethean
flame of power that lies sleeping within.
NOTES AND REFERENCES
See also H. J. Josephs, 'the Heaviside papers found at Paignton in 1957",
"Electromagnetic Theory by Oliver Heaviside", including an account of
Heaviside's unpublished notes for a fourth volume, and with a foreword by Sir
Edmund Whittaker, Vol. III, Third Edition, Chelsea Publishing Co., New York,
1971, p. 660. Just how much more powerful was Maxwell's quaternionic expression
of EM theory than was Heaviside's vector interpretation, was succinctly
expressed by Josephs: "Hamilton's algebra of quaternions, unlike Heaviside's
algebra of vectors, is not a mere abbreviated mode of expressing Cartesian
analysis, but is an independent branch of mathematics with its own special rules
of operation and its own special theorems. A quaternion is, in fact, a
generalized or hypercomplex number... " (Josephs, ibid., p. 660)
foundations of electromagnetic theory, see articles by Chappell Brown in
Electronic Engineering Times: "Anomalies in Electromagnetic Law Spur Debate",
Sept. 14, 1987; "Railgun Research Shoots Holes in Lorentz's Theory", Apr. 6
1987; "Electrons and Conduction: Not So Simple After All", Dec. 28, 1987.
Finally, it is hoped that this present paper will help shed at least a little
light on the subject.
of an electric charge would increase as its velocity increased, anticipating one
aspect of special relativity. In 1902, he predicted the ionosphere and the
Earth-ionospheric duct. Eventually he was awarded an honorary doctorate and was
once considered for the Nobel Prize.
Heaviside, ever the outcast and apart from his peers, died in a
nursing home at Torquay on Feb. 3, 1925.
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