Public profile
Armstrong in 1999
Armstrong's family described him as a "reluctant American hero".[188][189][190] He kept a low profile later in his life, leading to the belief that he was a recluse.[191][192] Recalling Armstrong's humility, John Glenn, the first American to orbit Earth, told CNN: "[Armstrong] didn't feel that he should be out huckstering himself. He was a humble person, and that's the way he remained after his lunar flight, as well as before."[193] Armstrong turned down most requests for interviews and public appearances. Michael Collins said in his book Carrying the Fire that when Armstrong moved to a dairy farm to become a college professor, it was like he "retreated to his castle and pulled up the drawbridge". Armstrong found this amusing, and said, "... those of us that live out in the hinterlands think that people that live inside the Beltway are the ones that have the problems."[194]
Andrew Chaikin says in A Man on the Moon that Armstrong kept a low profile but was not a recluse, citing his participation in interviews, advertisements for Chrysler, and hosting a cable television series.[195] Between 1991 and 1993, he hosted First Flights with Neil Armstrong, an aviation history documentary series on A&E.[194] In 2010, Armstrong voiced the character of Dr. Jack Morrow in Quantum Quest: A Cassini Space Odyssey,[196] an animated educational sci-fi adventure film initiated by JPL/NASA through a grant from Jet Propulsion Lab.[197]
Armstrong guarded the use of his name, image, and famous quote. When it was launched in 1981, MTV wanted to use his quote in its station identification, with the American flag replaced with the MTV logo, but he refused the use of his voice and likeness.[198] He sued Hallmark Cards in 1994, when they used his name, and a recording of the "one small step" quote, in a Christmas ornament without his permission. The lawsuit was settled out of court for an undisclosed sum, which Armstrong donated to Purdue.[199][200]
For many years, he wrote letters congratulating new Eagle Scouts on their accomplishment, but decided to quit the practice in the 1990s because he felt the letters should be written by people who knew the scout. (In 2003, he received 950 congratulation requests.) This contributed to the myth of his reclusiveness.[201] Armstrong used to autograph everything except first day covers. Around 1993, he found out his signatures were being sold online, and that most of them were forgeries, and stopped giving autographs.[192]

Personal life
Armstrong speaking in February 2012, six months before his death, on the 50th anniversary of John Glenn's first spaceflight
Some former astronauts, including Glenn and Apollo 17's Harrison Schmitt, sought political careers after leaving NASA. Armstrong was approached by groups from both the Democratic and Republican parties but declined the offers. He supported states' rights and opposed the U.S. acting as the "world's policeman".[202]
When Armstrong applied at a local Methodist church to lead a Boy Scout troop in the late 1950s, he gave his religious affiliation as "deist".[203] His mother later said that his religious views caused her grief and distress in later life, as she was a Christian.[204] Upon his return from the Moon, Armstrong gave a speech in front of the U.S. Congress in which he thanked them for giving him the opportunity to see some of the "grandest views of the Creator".[205][206] In the early 1980s, he was the subject of a hoax claiming that he converted to Islam after hearing the call to prayer while walking on the Moon. Indonesian singer Suhaemi wrote a song called "Gema Suara Adzan di Bulan" ("The Resonant Sound of the Call to Prayer on the Moon") which described Armstrong's supposed conversion, and the song was widely discussed by Jakarta news outlets in 1983.[207] Similar hoax stories were seen in Egypt and Malaysia. In March 1983, the U.S. State Department responded by issuing a message to embassies and consulates in Muslim countries saying that Armstrong had not converted to Islam.[208] The hoax surfaced occasionally for the next three decades. Part of the confusion arose from the similarity between the names of the country of Lebanon, which has a majority Muslim population, and Armstrong's longtime residence in Lebanon, Ohio.[208]
In 1972, Armstrong visited the Scottish town of Langholm, the traditional seat of Clan Armstrong. He was made the first freeman of the burgh, and happily declared the town his home.[209] To entertain the crowd, the Justice of the Peace read from an unrepealed archaic 400-year-old law that required him to hang any Armstrong found in the town.[210]
Armstrong flew light aircraft for pleasure. He enjoyed gliders and before the Moon flight had earned a gold badge with two diamonds from the International Gliding Commission. He continued to fly engineless aircraft well into his 70s.[211]
While working on his farm in November 1978, Armstrong jumped off the back of his grain truck and caught his wedding ring in its wheel, tearing the tip off his left ring finger. He collected the severed tip, packed it in ice, and had surgeons reattach it at a nearby hospital in Louisville, Kentucky.[212] In February 1991, he suffered a mild heart attack while skiing with friends at Aspen, Colorado.[213]
Armstrong and his first wife, Janet, separated in 1990 and divorced in 1994 after 38 years of marriage.[214][215] He met his second wife, Carol Held Knight, at a golf tournament in 1992, when they were seated together at breakfast. She said little to Armstrong, but he called her two weeks later to ask what she was doing. She replied that she was cutting down a cherry tree, and he arrived at her house 35 minutes later to help. They were married in Ohio on June 12, 1994, and had a second ceremony at San Ysidro Ranch in California. They lived in Indian Hill, Ohio.[216][217] Through his marriage to Carol, he was the father-in-law of future New York Mets general manager Brodie Van Wagenen.
In May 2005, Armstrong became involved in a legal dispute with Mark Sizemore, his barber of 20 years. After cutting Armstrong's hair, Sizemore sold some of it to a collector for $3,000 without Armstrong's knowledge or permission.[218] Armstrong threatened legal action against Sizemore unless he returned the hair or donated the proceeds to a charity of Armstrong's choosing. Sizemore, unable to retrieve the hair, donated the proceeds to charity.[219][220]

Illness and death
Photograph of Armstrong as a boy at his family memorial service in Indian Hill, Ohio, near Cincinnati, on August 31, 2012
On August 7, 2012, Armstrong underwent bypass surgery at Mercy Health Fairfield Hospital in Fairfield, Ohio, to relieve coronary artery disease.[221][222] Although he was reportedly recovering well,[223] he developed complications and died on August 25.[224][225] President Barack Obama issued a statement memorializing Armstrong as "among the greatest of American heroes—not just of his time, but of all time",[226][227] and added that Armstrong had carried the aspirations of the United States' citizens and had delivered "a moment of human achievement that will never be forgotten".[228]

Armstrong's burial at sea on September 14, 2012
Armstrong's family released a statement describing him as a "reluctant American hero [who had] served his nation proudly, as a navy fighter pilot, test pilot, and astronaut ... While we mourn the loss of a very good man, we also celebrate his remarkable life and hope that it serves as an example to young people around the world to work hard to make their dreams come true, to be willing to explore and push the limits, and to selflessly serve a cause greater than themselves. For those who may ask what they can do to honor Neil, we have a simple request. Honor his example of service, accomplishment and modesty, and the next time you walk outside on a clear night and see the moon smiling down at you, think of Neil Armstrong and give him a wink."[229]
Buzz Aldrin called Armstrong "a true American hero and the best pilot I ever knew", and said he was disappointed that they would not be able to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Moon landing together in 2019.[230][231] Michael Collins said, "He was the best, and I will miss him terribly."[232][233] NASA administrator Charles Bolden said, "As long as there are history books, Neil Armstrong will be included in them, remembered for taking humankind's first small step on a world beyond our own".[234][235]

External videos Memorial service for Armstrong, Washington National Cathedral, September 13, 2012, C-SPAN
A tribute was held for Armstrong on September 13, at Washington National Cathedral, whose Space Window depicts the Apollo 11 mission and holds a sliver of Moon rock amid its stained-glass panels.[236] In attendance were Armstrong's Apollo 11 crewmates, Collins and Aldrin; Gene Cernan, the Apollo 17 mission commander and last man to walk on the Moon; and former senator and astronaut John Glenn, the first American to orbit the Earth. In his eulogy, Charles Bolden praised Armstrong's "courage, grace, and humility". Cernan recalled Armstrong's low-fuel approach to the Moon: "When the gauge says empty, we all know there's a gallon or two left in the tank!" Diana Krall sang the song "Fly Me to the Moon". Collins led prayers. David Scott spoke, possibly for the first time, about an incident during their Gemini 8 mission: minutes before the hatch was to be sealed, a small chip of dried glue fell into the latch of his harness and prevented it from being buckled, threatening to abort the mission. Armstrong then called on Conrad to solve the problem, which he did, and the mission proceeded. "That happened because Neil Armstrong was a team player—he always worked on behalf of the team."[236] Congressman Bill Johnson from Armstrong's home state of Ohio led calls for President Barack Obama to authorize a state funeral in Washington D.C. Throughout his lifetime, Armstrong shunned publicity and rarely gave interviews. Mindful that Armstrong would have objected to a state funeral, his family opted to have a private funeral in Cincinnati.[237] On September 14, Armstrong's cremated remains were scattered in the Atlantic Ocean from the USS Philippine Sea.[238] Flags were flown at half-staff on the day of Armstrong's funeral.[239]
In July 2019, after observations of the 50th anniversary of the Moon landing, The New York Times reported on details of a medical malpractice suit Armstrong's family had filed against Mercy Health–Fairfield Hospital, where he died. When Armstrong appeared to be recovering from his bypass surgery, nurses removed the wires connected to his temporary pacemaker. He began to bleed internally and his blood pressure dropped. Doctors took him to the hospital's catheterization laboratory, and only later began operating. Two of the three physicians who reviewed the medical files during the lawsuit called this a serious error, saying surgery should have begun immediately; experts the Times talked to, while qualifying their judgement by noting that they were unable to review the specific records in the case, said that taking a patient directly to the operating room under those circumstances generally gave them the highest chance of survival.[221]
The family ultimately settled for $6 million in 2014. Letters included with the 93 pages of documents sent to the Times by an unknown person[240] show that his sons intimated to the hospital, through their lawyers, that they might discuss what happened to their father publicly at the 45th anniversary observances in 2014. The hospital, fearing the bad publicity that would result from being accused of negligently causing the death of a revered figure such as Armstrong, agreed to pay as long as the family never spoke about the suit or the settlement.[221] Armstrong's wife, Carol, was not a party to the lawsuit. She reportedly felt that her husband would have been opposed to taking legal action.[241]

Legacy

Armstrong gives an acceptance speech after being inducted into the Naval Aviation Hall of Honor at the National Naval Aviation Museum in Pensacola, Florida.
When Pete Conrad of Apollo 12 became the third man to walk on the Moon, on November 19, 1969, his first words referenced Armstrong. The shorter of the two, when Conrad stepped from the LM onto the surface he proclaimed "Whoopie! Man, that may have been a small one for Neil, but that's a long one for me."[242]
Armstrong received many honors and awards, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom (with distinction) from President Nixon,[165][243] the Cullum Geographical Medal from the American Geographical Society,[244] and the Collier Trophy from the National Aeronautic Association (1969);[245] the NASA Distinguished Service Medal[246] and the Dr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy (1970);[247] the Sylvanus Thayer Award by the United States Military Academy (1971);[248] the Congressional Space Medal of Honor from President Jimmy Carter (1978);[93] the Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy from the National Aeronautic Association (2001);[249] and a Congressional Gold Medal (2011).[250]
Armstrong was elected as member into the National Academy of Engineering in 1978 for contributions to aerospace engineering, scientific knowledge, and exploration of the universe as an experimental test pilot and astronaut.[251] He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2001.[252]
Armstrong and his Apollo 11 crewmates were the 1999 recipients of the Langley Gold Medal from the Smithsonian Institution.[253] On April 18, 2006, he received NASA's Ambassador of Exploration Award.[254] The Space Foundation named Armstrong as a recipient of its 2013 General James E. Hill Lifetime Space Achievement Award.[255] Armstrong was also inducted into the Aerospace Walk of Honor,[256][257] the International Space Hall of Fame,[258] National Aviation Hall of Fame, and the United States Astronaut Hall of Fame.[259][260] He was awarded his Naval Astronaut badge in a ceremony on board the aircraft carrier USS Dwight D. Eisenhower on March 10, 2010, in a ceremony attended by Lovell and Cernan.[261]

President Barack Obama poses with the Apollo 11 crew on the 40th anniversary of the Apollo 11 lunar landing, July 20, 2009: Buzz Aldrin, Michael Collins, and Neil Armstrong.
The lunar crater Armstrong, 31 miles (50 km) from the Apollo 11 landing site, and asteroid 6469 Armstrong are named in his honor.[262] There are more than a dozen elementary, middle and high schools named for Armstrong in the United States,[263] and many places around the world have streets, buildings, schools, and other places named for him or Apollo.[264] The Armstrong Air and Space Museum, in Armstrong's hometown of Wapakoneta,[265] and the Neil Armstrong Airport in New Knoxville, Ohio, are named after him.[266] The mineral armstrongite is named after him,[267] and the mineral armalcolite is named, in part, after him.[268]
In October 2004 Purdue University named its new engineering building Neil Armstrong Hall of Engineering;[269] the building was dedicated on October 27, 2007, during a ceremony at which Armstrong was joined by fourteen other Purdue astronauts.[270] The NASA Dryden Flight Research Center was renamed the NASA Neil A. Armstrong Flight Research Center in 2014.[271] NASA has separately renamed the Plum Brook Station test site at Glenn Research Center as Neil A. Armstrong Test Facility. In September 2012, the U.S. Navy named the first Armstrong-class vessel RV Neil Armstrong. Delivered to the Navy on September 23, 2015, it is a modern oceanographic research platform supporting a wide range of activities by academic groups.[272] In 2019, the College of Engineering at Purdue University celebrated the 50th anniversary of Neil Armstrong's walk on the Moon by launching the Neil Armstrong Distinguished Visiting Fellows Program, which brings highly accomplished scholars and practitioners to the college to catalyze collaborations with faculty and students.[273]

External videos Presentation by James Hansen on First Man, November 9, 2005, C-SPAN
Armstrong's authorized biography, First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong, was published in 2005. For many years, he turned down biography offers from authors such as Stephen Ambrose and James A. Michener but agreed to work with James R. Hansen after reading one of Hansen's other biographies.[274] He recalled his initial concerns about the Apollo 11 mission, when he had believed there was only a 50% chance of landing on the Moon. "I was elated, ecstatic and extremely surprised that we were successful".[275] A film adaptation of the book, starring Ryan Gosling and directed by Damien Chazelle, was released in October 2018.[276]
In July 2018, Armstrong's sons consigned his collection of memorabilia to Heritage Auctions, launching a series of sales that including his Boy Scout cap, and various flags and medals flown on his space missions. A series of auctions held November 1–3, 2018, realized $5,276,320 (~$6.47 million in 2024). As of July 2019, the auction sales totaled $16.7 million.[241] Two fragments of wood from the propeller and four pieces of fabric from the wing of the 1903 Wright Flyer that Armstrong took to the Moon fetched between $112,500 and $275,000 each,[277][278] as well as his Apollo 11 flown gold medal, which fetched $2.06 million in a separate Heritage sale.[279] Armstrong's wife, Carol, has not put any of his memorabilia up for sale.[241]
Armstrong donated his papers to Purdue. Along with posthumous donations by his widow Carol, the collection consists of over 450 boxes of material. In May 2019, she donated two 25-by-24-inch (640 by 610 mm) pieces of fabric from the Wright Flyer, along with his correspondence related to them.[280]

Ohio's state quarter depicts Armstrong and the Wright brothers' Wright Flyer III.
In a 2010 Space Foundation survey, Armstrong was ranked as the number-one most popular space hero;[281] and in 2013, Flying magazine ranked him number one on its list of 51 Heroes of Aviation.[282] The press often asked Armstrong for his views on the future of spaceflight. In 2005, he said that a human mission to Mars would be easier than the lunar challenge of the 1960s. In 2010, he made a rare public criticism of the decision to cancel the Ares I launch vehicle and the Constellation Moon landing program.[283] In an open letter also signed by fellow Apollo veterans Lovell and Cernan, he said, "For The United States, the leading space faring nation for nearly half a century, to be without carriage to low Earth orbit and with no human exploration capability to go beyond Earth orbit for an indeterminate time into the future, destines our nation to become one of second or even third rate stature".[284] On November 18, 2010, aged 80, he said in a speech during the Science & Technology Summit in the Hague, Netherlands, that he would offer his services as commander on a mission to Mars if he were asked.[285]
The planetarium at Altoona Area High School in Altoona, Pennsylvania is named after Armstrong and is home to a Space Race museum.[286] A campsite in Camp Sandy Beach at Yawgoog Scout Reservation in Rockville, Rhode Island, is named in his honor, a nod to his Scouting career.
Armstrong was named the class exemplar for the Class of 2019 at the U.S. Air Force Academy.[287]

Notes

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^ "July 20, 1969: One Giant Leap For Mankind". NASA. July 20, 2019. Retrieved August 13, 2023.

^ Armstrong, Neil (July 16, 1999). "[Press conference with Neil Armstrong]". NASA History Division. Retrieved August 13, 2023.

^ Stamm, Amy (July 17, 2019). ""One Small Step for Man" or "a Man"?". National Air and Space Museum. Retrieved August 13, 2023.

^ Butler County Department of Health (August 6, 1930). "English: This is a faithful digital scan of the official birth certificate of Neil Alden Armstrong, issued by the Butler County Department of Health on March 31, 2025. Certified by local county registrar, Kathy Ripley". Retrieved April 15, 2025.

^ "Distant Irish relatives mourn moonwalker Neil Armstrong". August 27, 2012.

^ Hansen 2005, pp. 13, 20.

^ Coleman, Maureen (August 28, 2012). "A Giant Leap For An Ulsterman". The Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

^ Harvey, Ian (April 15, 2019). "Neil Armstrong's Last Name Posed a Problem in his Ancestral Scottish Hometown". thevintagenews. Retrieved September 4, 2022.

^ "Neil Armstrong grants rare interview to accountants organization". CBC News. May 24, 2012. Archived from the original on January 7, 2018. Retrieved April 8, 2018.

^ Hansen 2005, p. 29.

^ "Project Apollo: Astronaut Biographies". NASA. Archived from the original on April 28, 2011. Retrieved May 12, 2011.

^ Hansen 2005, p. 45. "According to a volunteer group in Warren, Ohio that had worked through the 2000s to turn the Warren Airport into a historical exhibit, the date of Neil's inaugural flight was July 26, 1936. If that date is correct, Neil was still only five when he experienced his first airplane ride, his sixth birthday not coming for ten more days."

^ Haughn, Rachelle (June 2019). "One Small Step With Model Aviation". Model Aviation. Retrieved July 29, 2025.

^ Hansen 2005, pp. 49–50.

^ Koestler-Grack 2010, p. 14.

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^ Airgood, Glenn (February 16, 1973). "1st Man on the Moon Gets National Eagle Award". The Morning Call. Allentown, Pennsylvania. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com.

^ "Silver Buffalo Award Winners 1979–1970". Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved September 2, 2018.

^ "Apollo 11 – Day 3, part 2: Entering Eagle – Transcript". NASA. April 11, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2022. I'd like to say hello to all my fellow Scouts and Scouters at Farragut State Park in Idaho having a National Jamboree there this week; and Apollo 11 would like to send them best wishes". Capsule communicator Charles Duke replied: "Thank you, Apollo 11. I'm sure that, if they didn't hear that, they'll get the word through the news. Certainly appreciate that.

^ "World Scouting salutes Neil Armstrong". World Organization of the Scout Movement. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved July 27, 2015.

^ Jump up to: a b Hansen 2005, pp. 55–56.

^ "The untold story of how Neil Armstrong chose Purdue". wlfi.com. Archived from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2019.

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^ Jump up to: a b c "Ex-Lieutenant (junior grade) Neil Alden Armstrong, U.S. Naval Reserve, Transcript of Naval Service" (PDF). United States Navy. March 27, 1967. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 6, 2017. Retrieved February 28, 2018.

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^ Chillag, Amy; Higgins, Cole (March 1, 2019). "Girl, 7, Fighting Rare Cancer Gets Pics of Dogs from Well-Wishers". CNN. Retrieved November 24, 2019.

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^ Creech, Gray (July 15, 2004). "From the Mojave to the Moon: Neil Armstrong's Early NASA Years". NASA. Archived from the original on June 30, 2011. Retrieved May 17, 2011.

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^ Evans, Michelle (2013). "The X-15 Rocket Plane: Flight Log" (PDF). Mach 25 Media. pp. 22, 25. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 13, 2018. Retrieved February 28, 2018.

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^ Jump up to: a b Hansen 2005, pp. 312–313.

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^ Cunningham 2010, p. 109.

^ Hansen 2005, p. 330.

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^ Chaikin 1994, p. 171.

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^ Nelson 2009, p. 17.

^ Hansen 2005, p. 338.

^ Collins 2001, pp. 312–313.

^ Kraft 2001, pp. 323–324.

^ Hansen 2005, pp. 365–373.

^ Cortright 1975, p. 160.

^ Orloff 2000, p. 92.

^ Hansen 2005, p. 2.

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^ Smith 2005, p. 11.

^ Hansen 2005, pp. 459–465.

^ Chaikin 1994, p. 199.

^ Chaikin 1994, p. 198.

^ Jump up to: a b Chaikin 1994, p. 200.

^ Manned Spacecraft Center 1969, pp. 9-23–9-24.

^ Jones, Eric M. "The First Lunar Landing, time 109:45:40". Apollo 11 Surface Journal. NASA. Archived from the original on December 25, 2017. Retrieved March 4, 2018. That was the time of probe contact; the exact time of landing is difficult to determine, because Armstrong said the landing was "very gentle" and "It was hard to tell when we were on."

^ Jones, Eric M. (September 15, 2017). "The First Lunar Landing, time 1:02:45". Apollo 11 Surface Journal. NASA. Archived from the original on December 25, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2007.

^ Jones, Eric M. "Mission Transcripts, Apollo 11 AS11 PA0.pdf" (PDF). Apollo 11 Surface Journal. NASA. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 17, 2008. Retrieved November 30, 2007.

^ Jones, Eric M. "Apollo 11 Mission Commentary 7-20-69 CDT 15:15 – GET 102:43 – TAPE 307/1". Apollo 11 Surface Journal. NASA. Archived from the original on November 8, 2017.

^ Manned Spacecraft Center 1969, p. 12-1.

^ Cortright 1975, p. 215.

^ Harland 1999, p. 23.

^ Jump up to: a b c d Mikkelson, Barbara; Mikkelson, David (October 2006). "One Small Misstep: Neil Armstrong's First Words on the Moon". Snopes.com. Retrieved September 19, 2009.

^ Stern, Jacob (July 23, 2019). "One Small Controversy About Neil Armstrong's Giant Leap". The Atlantic. Retrieved July 25, 2019. When he tried to match the air-to-ground transcript to an audiovisual recording, he found that the transcript was behind—and that one of the records had to be wrong about the time of Armstrong's first step.

^ Jump up to: a b Plimpton, George (December 1983). "Neil Armstrong's Famous First Words". Esquire. pp. 113–118.

^ "Apollo 11 Post Flight Press Conference, 16 September 1969". NASA. Archived from the original on October 16, 2015. Retrieved July 24, 2015. Yes, I did think about it. It was not extemporaneous, neither was it planned. It evolved during the conduct of the flight and I decided what the words would be while we were on the lunar surface just prior to leaving the LM.

^ Gray, Richard (December 30, 2012). "Neil Armstrong's family reveal origins of 'one small step' line". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on July 1, 2015. Retrieved July 24, 2015.

^ Chaikin, Andrew (January 4, 2013). "Neil Armstrong Didn't Lie About 'One Small Step' Moon Speech, Historian Says". Space.com. Purch. Archived from the original on July 24, 2015. Retrieved July 24, 2015.

^ Nickell 2008, p. 175.

^ Goddard, Jacqui (October 2, 2006). "One small word is one giant sigh of relief for Armstrong". The Times. London. Retrieved December 31, 2012.

^ Ford, Peter Shann (September 17, 2006). "Electronic Evidence and Physiological Reasoning Identifying the Elusive Vowel "a" in Neil Armstrong's Statement on First Stepping onto the Lunar Surface". collectSPACE. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved August 28, 2007.

^ "Software Finds Missing 'a' in Armstrong's Moon Quote". CNN. Associated Press. October 1, 2006. Archived from the original on October 4, 2006.

^ Smith, Veronica (October 2, 2006). "Armstrong's Moon landing speech rewritten". Cosmos. Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on August 31, 2007. Retrieved August 29, 2007.

^ Carreau, Mark (September 29, 2006). "High-tech analysis may rewrite space history". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on October 4, 2006. Retrieved September 30, 2006.

^ Carreau, Mark (September 30, 2006). "Hear what Neil Armstrong really said on the moon". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved July 25, 2019.

^ Language Logs:
Beaver, David. "One small step backwards". Language Log. University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved February 28, 2018. (including audio)
Liberman, Mark. "One 75-millisecond step before a "man"". Language Log. University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
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