Research diaries #9: types of convergence

A sequence is a list of ordered points. As we progress through a sequence it could be that these points are approximating some point. For example, look at the graph below

We imagine now that this sequence is infinitely long, meaning that there are countably infinite points in this sequence. We investigate this sequence as lying on the real linea. The sequence very clearly approximates 1. However, 1 is not contained in this sequence. Denoting x_n by the n-th point in the sequence. We suppose that x_n = 1+ 1/n. The distance between 1 and x_n becomes smaller as n increases. Or more specifically, for any y>0 there exists an n such that |x_n-1|<y

Perhaps you might have seen this differently treated in your calculus class. The underlying space you were working in is then probably an Euclidean space, so Rⁿ, with the natural distance. But the above connects to a more general treament of sequences, namely sequences in the context of metric spaces which are spaces with a general distance function.

Perhaps we could look at convergence differently. We could look at the distances of consecutive points so |x_n- x_m| and see if this gets smaller. More specifically, for all y>0 does there exist N such that for all n,m >N we have that |x_n- x_m|<y. This type of covergence is called cauchy-convergence. We will refer to the convergence from the first example just as convergence. It is not too difficult to see that our earlier example also satisfies this. An example of a sequence which does not cauchy converge:

The distance between the odd and even indexed points does not become arbitrarily small for sufficiently large index value

But clearly the above sequence also does not converge. It can be shown that a convergent sequence is cauchy (see for example Theorem 6.8.2 in this metric space book) but not the other way around. Let's skip the proof of the former and look at a the latter. We return to our first example. Suppose that we investigate the sequence as lying on the real line with the number 1 removed. Then, the distance between the sequence and the limit cannot be measured because the limit is not contained. However, we can still consider the cauchy convergence because we are measuring the distance between points, additionally, this distance can become arbitrarily small.

Although it is not generally true that cauchy convergence implies convergence we can restrict to spaces where this implication holds. These resulting spaces with specialized distance functions are of great importance in math. These are Banach spaces. A plethora of math can be done on these spaces. It forms one of the cornerstones in modern math.

That's all for now hope you enjoy this little exploration into the fundamentals of modern analysis.