Abacus is considered to be the earliest instrument of counting, which is estimated to be first used in the Sumerian or Mesopotamian civilization of 2700-2300 BC. In the Sumerian civilization, many columns or pillars in the abacus were gradually arranged through which the Sumerians expressed the values of different types. The use of abacus was very common in the use of mathematical calculations in various ancient civilizations. Even in some places of the world today, the abacus machine is used for accounting.
The first differential gear was applied in a direction called South-Directional Rath, approximately 1110 BC, in ancient China. This gear was later used on analog computers. For a mathematical calculation in China, a relatively modern version of Abacus was created by about 200 BC.
In 500 BC, the Indian grammarian Pandini wrote a book called Sanskrit Gramshi Ashtadhyay, in which 3959 rules of grammar are documented in a very systematic and methodical way. In this book, the application of some special concepts such as metric (rote registration system), [[transitional creative grammar | conversion], recurrence or repetition etc. is found. These ideas are based on the modern computer.
In 1901, a sophisticated computation of 100 BCs was found from the ruins of a Roman ship in the ocean near the Antichitra, a Greek island known as Antichithera Machine. Scientists examined it with an X-ray scan and concluded that in the ancient times the Romans used to perform various calculations of astronomy. Its work procedure is comparable to modern analog computers.
Medieval Islam world was also developed in science. The famous Arabian educationist and researcher of medieval Abu Raihan al-Biruni studied the mechanical gear-based astronomy device - Astroleb and created an instrument called Arabian astronomer Jabir ibn Afla Torkum. According to British science writer Simon Singh, Muslim mathematicians were advancing in the form of cryptography or code-writing. For example, the name of the famous Arab scholar al-Kindi is said. Banu Musa of Baghdad works with the bribe, automatic machinery and Ismail al-Jazari succeeds in doing important work in automata or automation. Some of the famous discoveries of al-Jazzari such as elephant-clock, castle-clock, etc. were similar to programmable analogue computers and still amazed.
In the beginning of the 17th century, after the invention of logarithmic method by John Napier, many of the scientists were interested in making different computations. Wilhelm Schmidt designed a composer in 1623, but the construction prototype of the fire was damaged due to the failure of the construction. By 1640, French mathematician Blaise Pascal was able to create a mechanical sum calculator, which is used as a basis by Greek mathematician Hiron of Alexandria. In 1672, Gottfried Wilhelm discovered the Lithuanian Stopped Reckoner, which was completed in 1694.
In 1837, Charles Banks drafted an analytical or analytical engine, whose main advantages were - Expandable memory (expansive mechanical retention), mathematical calculation ability, reasonable decision-making capabilities, loop and conditional brunching (found in modern programming languages). . This machine is believed to be the world's first computer by scientists and is considered to be touring.
Dual theory or binary logic (so that all data is expressed in the form of 0 and 1 of these two numbers) is the foundation of modern computer, which was conceived in the hands of Gottfried Lybnitz in 1702. For more than 150 years, George Bull published his Boolean algebra, with the help of which mathematical calculations can be understood with the help of mathematical calculations.
Parallel, the mechanical branch also had many improvements, which was one of the main driving force in the then Industrial Revolution. French weavers Joseph Mary Jackard used a fancy knitting machine which was driven by a punched card with multiple holes. Although this machine was not as a computer as defined, but with its help, scientists understood how to send instructions to a device with the help of 0 and 1.
Until 1920, computers were meant to refer to national workers (usually female) to the Kariyani National Staff. The work of these employees was to complete various minor calculations for the needs of commercial offices, government offices, research centers, military forces, calendar preparation or astronomy.
In the 1930s, the computing machine began to refer to a type of device that could perform the work of those counting employees mechanically. According to the church-training thesis, a mathematical solution can be called Effective Calculable, which can only be calculated, which can be solved only with paper and text without any perceptible knowledge. The concept of computing machine was similar to that of the theory. These devices were divided into two parts - analog (which is basically a calculation or lesson with the help of comparisons) and digital (which is calculated by counting, reading, publishing and saving data).
In the 1940s, the computing machine was replaced by the word "computing machine". These machines used mechanical means to fulfill various calculations in conformity with the instructions, which had functional functions such as the Turing Machine (Gen. Allan Turing) published in 1936.
