Wars In the early 20th century, the world witnessed a number of political and military developments, which led to the outbreak of war between the major Powers, which was joined by most of the countries of the world. It was known as the First World War; it was named because most of the countries of the world were directly or indirectly involved in it.
The causes of the First World War The largest forces in Europe - Austria, Hungary, Germany, Russia, France and Great Britain - entered the conflict known as the First World War within eight days from the end of July to the beginning of August 1914. These countries' high-cost military operations surprised state officials who were aware of the most precise details. The conflicts between the great nations were deeply rooted and deep. The triumph of Germany led by Ottofon Bismarck in the Franco-Prussian War between 1870 and 1871 led to the emergence of a unified Germany and thus created a state of constant tension. Germany's rapid emergence as a dominant power on the continent has cast a shadow over Britain's interests and has led to a deterioration of relations. In addition, there are a host of other factors, such as Germany's construction of a large fleet based on warships, and it seems to Britain that this fleet, which contains ships of enormous strength capable of confronting its large fleet in the North Sea, and there is great potential for control Germans on the sea lanes surrounding Britain, and thus work to threaten their food security. (1) All of the above is one of the indirect causes that contributed to the outbreak of the First World War, but the main reason for the outbreak was the assassination of the Crown Prince of Austria Franz Ferdinand with his wife, by a student called Gavrilo Principev, In 1914, during their visit to Sarajevo, specifically in the area of Bosnia and Herzegovina. After this incident, Austria declared war on Serbia. Russia supported Serbia by declaring war on Austria, while Germany declared war on Russia. During the war, the two countries were divided into two parts: the Allied forces led by the United Kingdom and the countries of the German-led center. The circle of alliances expanded with the expansion of wars. Many countries joined each other, and the war lasted more than four years. During which it was a world war after it was on a European scale. (2) The course of the First World War The First World War began in August 1914, through a major German attack on the Western Job, and the Germans thought that they would be able to destroy the enemy forces by a single blow, but the French in turn had launched an attack on German territory in turn, That these two plans have not been successful, the two attacks ended with complete failure. At the beginning of 1915, the attacks began to take on completely different forms. The pattern of attacks became clear, resulting in terrible numbers of casualties. Then new types of weapons were introduced into the fighting due to the stalemate in the war. , And in 1916 tanks appeared for the first time on the battlefield. The desperation of both sides became more pronounced in 1917, when the French began an attack against the Germans in Champagne, but it was very unsuccessful due to the steadfastness of the Germans, prompting many in the French army to rebel, and the Germans also made desperate moves to win, They began using the submarines, which were the first instrument used in the First World War, where the submarines were able to achieve victory that the army could not, but by the end of 1917 it became clear that these submarines will not achieve the desired victory. The last year of the war began with the German offensive, in which the Germans launched strong blows along the western front, hoping that both the French and the British would be defeated before they were reached by the large US forces, but ultimately the coalition forces stood up to this onslaught. (1)
PACKAGING IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR A set of weapons was first used during the First World War, including: (3) machine guns. Guns and submarines. The primitive planes used in fighting and espionage. Balloons attached to the ground for surveillance operations. The tanks. Poisonous gas to get the soldiers out of the trenches or choke them.
Before the war, Europe was divided into two camps: (3) the tripartite alliance: Germany, led by Chancellor Ottofon Bismarck, the Prime Minister of Germany, formed alliances with Austria-Hungary, and in 1879 both countries agreed to take part in the war if One of them was attacked, and then Italy joined the alliance, in what became known as the Tripartite Alliance. They all agreed to help each other in the event of any aggression against any of these countries. This alliance continued until the outbreak of war. The three emperors: Bismarck urged Austria, Hungary and Germany to enter into an alliance with Russia, where they agreed to remain neutral if one of them participated in the war. Bismarck tried to prevent any alliance between France and Russia. World War I personalities There are a group of people who can be said to have been the cause of the First World War. Among them: Napoleon and Napoleon were the first French emperors to be one of the strongest and greatest powers of the time. Napoleon was a lot of foreign adventures, And the wars of the European continent have been fought out. Thus, all the great powers, such as Russia's invasion of Russia in 1812, were defeated. In this period, the system of alliances between the European countries emerged against him, which ended with the defeat of Waterloo. He entered the war in 1805 against three of the greatest powers of the time: Russia, Austria and Britain, through which he succeeded in defeating Austria and Russia. Russia defied a Napoleonic alliance and attacked it, initially defeating its army. Moscow has destroyed her family, and his army was exhausted and suffering from famine, and was the last defeat, which eliminated all hopes. (3) Otovo Bismarck is the first adviser to the German Reich, and has been described in history books as Iron Man, whose directions and policy were indirect causes, which paved the way for the outbreak of the First World War. Bismarck's policy of iron and blood worked to unify Germany, but on the other hand it created a fertile environment for the emergence of intellectual and national extremism, and the victory of Prussia over Austria increased tensions with France. Bismarck was not afraid to fight the war against France. The war was only a small spark, and it happened in 1870 when Prince Leopold was offered to ascend the Spanish throne. France opposed this nomination. In order to push France to declare war on Russia, Bismarck would publish the dialogue between King Wilhelm and the French ambassador in Prussia It represented an affront to Russia, fled V France through the mobilization of their armies, was the Franco-Prussian War a great victory for Russia. After the end of the war went Bismarck to secure the Union of Germany, then the first King Wilhelm declared emperor of Germany in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles, and the new empire made up of 25 federal states. The results of World War I The results of the First World War were the collapse of the forces of the Center, Bulgaria was the first to sign the truce, on September 29, 1918, in Thessaloniki, and then collapsed collapses and signed agreements of surrender, where Germany has signed a truce with the allies Compiegne, in one of the inside rail vehicles on November 11, 1918, he entered the ceasefire took effect at the eleventh hour on 11 / November. Among the losses suffered by both sides were casualties. More than eight million people were killed, millions were injured and lost. The result was also major economic losses. Poverty and unemployment spread. The warring countries reached a financial crisis the exorbitant cost of the war, and thus increased the indebtedness of European countries, which led to a decline in economic dominance, and pour it all in favor of the United States of America and Japan. The map of Europe changed after the First World War, when the old imperial systems disintegrated, the ruling families fell, the borders of the European continent were changed by the emergence of new states, and the Russian Revolution, which implemented the first socialist system within the Soviet Union. As for the Arab countries, the Ottoman caliphate was bound to the countries of the center in the First World War, and this marked the beginning of the end of the history of the Ottoman Empire, where the defeat of Germany and the Ottoman Empire put the fate of the Arab states under the hands of Britain and France. (2) References (1) on the book of World War I / Neil Heiman / Abu Dhabi Authority for Tourism and Culture / First Edition. (3) The Atlas of the World Wars: Earth, War and Peace / Essam Abdel Fattah / Al-Sharif Mas for Publishing and Distribution / First Edition.
