1、Hi Illia! How did you enter the blockchain space and come up with the idea of Near Protocol?
Alex and I previously had been working on an AI company NEAR.ai. Though we were doing cutting edge research in the field of program synthesis (automating software engineering), we were lacking real data and real users. As part of our work we built a crowdsourcing platform that would employ engineers across the world to solve programming tasks to allow us to train better models.
We faced multiple issues, starting from payment across the world to the fact that we couldn’t ourselves provide it [the platform] with enough tasks. We started to look at how to make this platform into a marketplace and blockchain seemed like a perfect platform for this.
Alex comes from the background of building sharded databases at MemSQL, and I worked at Google Research on large distributed machine learning systems – we went down the rabbit hole of learning about blockchain, consensus and generally surrounding technologies. As we were learning, we stumbled upon the fact that we didn’t find a fitting solution that we would be able to use. Both from a technology standpoint, and even more importantly, from a usability standpoint.
We had a chat with some of our friends from MemSQL and Google on July 4th and realized that in that room we had great systems engineers who are all excited about the technology and also have experience building distributed systems.
Thus NEAR Protocol was born; we grew the team from the 3 people we had at NEAR.ai to 9 people over a week. Now we have 30+ ppl all over the world.
2、What is NEAR's sharding solution, and how will NEAR differentiate with other sharding solutions?
First and foremost NEAR is a developer platform. Meaning that we are focused on delivering the best experience for developers to build applications without limiting the types of experience they can build for their users.
This means that we really focused on tooling, APIs, common programming languages and making things really easy to develop. Second, we focused on allowing a common non-crypto user to easily start using applications built on NEAR – you don’t need to have tokens, wallet or prior knowledge of private/public keys to start using things.
Sharding and scalability is emerging as the outcome of this – blockchain should not be blocking developers or users from using applications. Hence there should not be limitations on the infrastructure layer.
Our sharding is designed to be hidden from the developer. For example instead of shard chains we shard blocks. This means that developers do not have to be concerned with the shard they are on nor with other applications on that shard and the gas prices among shards. Instead, developers have the convenience of interacting with the NEAR network like they do with a single blockchain now. To achieve that, we have designed a novel sharding approach called Nightshade, you can read more about it https://near.ai/nightshade or check out this video .
github: https://github.com/marco-sundsk/NEAR_DOC_zhcn/blob/master/whitepaper/nightshade_cn.md
Additionally economics is extremely important for any chain, and in sharded or multi-chain setups this becomes even more crucial. We have successfully made strides to both hide complexity and solve some of the burning needs of developers –https://near.ai/economics.
https://blog.csdn.net/sun_dsk1/article/details/102763595
3、What are the biggest usability challenges due to sharding, and how do you plan to address them ？
The biggest challenge for developers building on sharded blockchains compared to blockchains like Ethereum, is the fact that cross-contract calls become asynchronous. When in Ethereum we send transactions – if something fails mid way through it’s execution across many contracts, the system will revert all the changes.
This is highly unscalable in nature. And if we look at any distributed system used in Web2, we see that everything is operating asynchronously. You might have seen the DevCon commentary by James Prestwich about how this would hurt the experience and composability.
There are a few things we are doing to address this:
4、Why are you transitioning to PoST? What’s wrong with pure PoS? And how will you make it happen?
PoST is currently still in research. We have identified a few core issues with PoS, some of which are described in this video – .
One of the core problems in Proof of Stake is long range attacks. The general agreement is to require a weak subjectivity assumption (https://blog.ethereum.org/2014/11/25/proof-stake-learned-love-weak-subjectivity/). Another problem is that most consensus algorithms that are built on top of Proof of Stake require a specific set of validators to be elected per period of time and that set of validators needs to be online to select the next set.
These problems are what PoW has a much better answer for. Trading for huge energy consumption, variance in reward which leads to pooling and centralization and increased block times / latency due to requiring block propagation across the network.
PoST addresses these issues as well as makes the “mining” of space proofs more fair as it doesn’t require specialized hardware and cheap electricity to participate.
We are not planning to have any PoST work in the upcoming MainNet. This will be a research and development post MainNet and will be presented to the community to decide if it’s worth upgrading into it.
5、We know the theme of the Near China tour is [Blockchain adoption in enterprise and government]. In China, many companies offer permitted chain solutions. What are the advantages of NEAR’s blockchain solutions to Blockchain and to Government?
What are the possible applications for NEAR technology for businesses and enterprises?
What NEAR’s design provides at its core is cross contract communication when contracts are not operating under the same chain. This is important for sharding public chains, but it also allows for enterprise use cases where a business can run their own shard. We call this Private Shard.
In systems like Hyperledger or Corda, you would need to setup a set of participants, get them to agree to share all of the data and contracts they put into this chain. The benefit of Private Shard is that it doesn’t require setting up consortia or any upfront investment. It’s also easy to set which other Private Shards can access what data and contracts from given company or if this company wants others to participate in the same shard later.
Private Shard is also simple for businesses to grasp, because for them it’s a SaaS model, where business can spin up their own Private Shard in their private cloud or data center and start using it as backend for their applications. The benefits are that these applications have general namespace across the whole universe and can communicate with both public blockchain applications and with other private shards. When another business B wants to interact with business A, given shared global namespace of contracts and checked in proofs of the state into the public – they can easily call into contracts of business A.
There are lots of benefits, starting from managing public assets (like digital real estate or monetary value) to ability easily grow network of applications across different enterprises that can rely on the common protocol to communicate.
6、How can a developer take advantage of the NEAR platform to make some tools and DApps?
And Illia, would you like to share some ideas to inspire our developers?
We have quite a few tools for developers:
We have a live online hackathon for Chinese developers and have published some ideas here: https://github.com/nearprotocol/hackathon/blob/master/ideas.md
7、What is your review on NEAR 2019, and what are the exciting plans of NEAR 2020?
In 2019 NEAR:
For 2020 our first and foremost goal is to launch MainNet and start growing Open Web community.
We believe that there are a ton of opportunities to bring new developers and entrepreneurs to build the next wave of businesses that are more aligned with users and that we can power part of this transition with NEAR.
We really think 2020 will be the year of growth – developers in the ecosystem, applications launched, usage by regular consumers and adoption by big companies.
8、Illia has said 2020 will be the year of Open Web. Could you explain this? How do you think of Open Web?
Open Web is the new paradigm of businesses and applications which are aligned around users.
Currently the incentives in Web2 are to build moats and maximizing revenue even against users benefit. The goal of Open Web is to bring control back to the user: for their money, assets and data.
We already have movements across the globe that starting in this direction, with GDPR and data portability laws, promoting privacy and self sovereignty – all of it is trying to change the status quo. But until now there were real alternatives to the centralizing power of zero marginal costs in web2.
An example of this is any social network. They all start trying to acquire users and really being open to applications being built on it and serving the smaller groups need. But as the network effect compounds, the value of playing nice disappears and instead it becomes more about acquisition of competition before it becomes too big and growing revenue.
A way to turn it around is to commoditize the social graph itself. Both make it user owned instead of a company that provides software, and make it portable and usable across any applications. This removes the moat around user’s data or friends and instead will force companies to build better products and serve their needs to more attuned. This also means that there is room for more niche applications that can leverage this data to provide good experience for small community or social group, which right now is impossible because no local app would gather enough network and no global app would focus on building something for small local community.
Even enterprises as they accept more blockchain technology will participate in this movement, unlocking user’s data and allowing more interoperability.
We think in 2020 we will start seeing first applications that deliver on this promise and see long term alignment of applications and users.
This interview was originally conducted January, 3rd 2020.
Website: https://nearprotocol.com/
Telegram: https://t.me/cryptonear
Twitter: https://twitter.com/nearprotocol
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/NearProtocol/
Medium: https://medium.com/nearprotocol
Discord: https://discordapp.com/invite/jsAu4pP
@illia