PseudoUridine (Ψ) is first discoverd modified nucleoside and is the most abundant RNA modification in cellular RNA , thus termed as the "fifth" nucleoside. PseudoUridine modification has been found ubiquitous in tRNA, rRNA, snRNA and was dicovered in mRNA more recent as well. PseudoUridine modification plays an important role in multiple biological processes. PseudoUridine modification could fine tune RNA functions for specific RNA species. For example, PseudoUridine in mRNA can affect mRNA splicing, stability and translation. In recent years, the role of pseudoUridine derivatives in the biological process has also been extensively studied. An example is that N1-methylpseudoUridine substituted mRNA can enhance protein expression and reduce immunogenicity. with a more superior effact than PseudoUridine-incorporated mRNA.
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