Life on the moons of Saturn and Jupiter.

On Enceladus there are jets that expel water and materials from its interior ocean, they expel them through the cracks on the surface due to tensions in the ice crust, because on some moons like Europa and Enceladus their ice crusts are relatively thin, it is not as thick as on Ganymede or Callisto or on other moons where it is also suspected that surface oceans exist. On Enceladus the ice crust is up to 10 km and on the Moon Europa it is a little more, enough for cracks to be created and through them come out these jets that expel material from that ocean and with them they can also expel life forms or biosignatures that could exist in those interior oceans. On these moons they do not have an atmosphere, they have a very residual atmosphere, when material is expelled in those jets, the water ends and is very quickly transformed into ice, into ice flakes that literally end up snowing near the cracks, so those cracks, those places would be ideal targets to search for life forms or their remains.

And with this new research it shows us that we could even find live bacteria, because these jets can expel material from the interior in just a matter of days, in the case of Europa and in the case of Enceladus there are jets even more frequently, there are jets of that type practically every day. The European Space Agency published a statement reporting that Casini demonstrated with its work that the ocean of Enceladus had complex organic substances and molecules. The Casini Probe no longer exists. It ended its mission on September 15, 2017 with the so-called grand finale, throwing itself into the clouds of Saturn and sending us a lot of data on what Saturn's clouds are like, as far as it could.

The amount of water on Enceladus is tiny, it is about 504 km in diameter, it is a small moon, it is estimated that the surface ocean of Enceladus has approximately 26 million cubic kilometers of liquid water, it is quite a lot, it is seven times the Mediterranean Sea, but that amount is ridiculous if we compare it with the liquid water on Jupiter's Moon Europa, which is estimated to have about 3,000 million cubic kilometers of water, which is a little more than double the water contained in the Earth's oceans, which would be 100 million cubic kilometers. Europa, the moon Europa is a little smaller than our moon on Earth, 3,000 million cubic kilometers. Let's remember that it is believed that life arose on Earth, in the oceans, so Europa has twice the capacity, size, surface, and volume of water so that life could have emerged, and it is also believed that in both cases those oceans may be more than 3,000 million years old and in the case of Europa it could be older, up to 4,500. millions of years, so if life emerged in those subsurface oceans it has had more than enough time to evolve.

Some scientists speculate, because there has been speculation about what life may be like on Europa, the Europa Moon, for example, which is the largest in terms of water volume, they speculate with the possibility of life forms such as worms and jellyfish. They are very basic structures, possibly what exists on these moons, perhaps there are more advanced forms, but it is not believed that overly complex forms of life could exist, because the problem with these worlds with surface oceans is that they have little energy. They base their energy on the internal heat of the Moon, which in the case of these two cases is produced by the gravitational interaction with its planet, the case of Enceladus with Saturn and in the case of the Moon Europa with Jupiter is a tug of war that heats up the core and that heat is what gives energy to the entire system. While in our case, in the case of the Earth, we have a much more powerful source of energy which is the energy of the Sun, which provides sustenance and food to all or almost the entire ecosystem of the Earth, because evidently there is a gigantic ecosystem under the surface that is nourished by other types of chemical reactions and there is an ecosystem on the ocean floor that is nourished above all by volcanic vents and that is what is believed to be found on Europa and Enceladus, those types of life forms.

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