Sports psychology and sports science began with Olympism (especially in athletics), interested in the improvement of performance and the development of exceptional human conditions. In order to investigate the human potential for sport, the basic sciences began to study components such as speed and the relationships of body and space from physics, caloric consumption and exhaustion from chemistry and basic conditions -minimum and necessary- for an athlete to perform at high performance from biology. The emphasis of the sports sciences fell on the study of the biotype (the neuromuscular and bone composition appropriate for a sport) and later, with biochemistry, biomechanics and physiology, the critical periods for the different sports were investigated as well as the system neuromuscular and cardiac from the physiology of effort. Later, with the development of neurosciences, the study of basic psychological processes (sensory capacity in sensation and perception, attention and concentration, tactical and technical abstraction) and the neurodevelopment of them was addressed, with In order to understand the neuromotor specialization and the mastery of the motor gestures of the athletes. In this last aspect, the analysis of psychomotricity - the patterns of movement and body posture, basically - is especially important.
Sports Psychology
In psychology, the approach to sport began with experimental psychology (Dosil, 2004, Serrato, 2005, Weinberg and Gould, 1996) and then developed by applying psychological knowledge to sports in areas such as psychometrics and the differential psychology of sport. (individual differences in the aptitude, intelligence and personality of the athletes). Subsequently, sports psychology began to develop its own conceptual models in topics such as motivation, stress, coping and emotional control and also proposed fundamental concepts such as competition.
According to Dosil (2004), at present, the study of sport from psychology comprises numerous sub-areas (social, educational, clinical) and specializations (psychobiology, psychopathology, developmental psychology, etc.) that are important for, for example , investigate elements such as the motor gesture and its domain (as well as the mental abilities required to do so) that will lead to the improvement of techniques to promote and improve it throughout the child development.
Sports Psychology
As it is possible to appreciate, the modern sport has been from its beginnings an object of scientific study that has been developed by means of the technology and the new knowledge in different sciences in order to sustain the agonistic and competitive component of the sport, in other words , encourage, control and predict sports behavior. However, the influences of science in sport go through educational level, performance, prevention, rehabilitation and even social and political community work (Vargas, 1994).
The scientific study of sport includes many disciplines such as the theory of sports training, medicine, physiology, sports biomechanics, sociology of sports, education sciences and even information sciences and business sciences (Dosil, 2004 )
Psychology and sports science
Sport is an increasingly complex phenomenon, and its modern version is intimately linked with the main socio-cultural and economic aspects of a nation, which has resulted in serious qualitative and quantitative changes in sports activity, making it increasingly more justified -and necessary- to study it scientifically (Dosil, 2004, Vargas, 1994).
Sport is the result of a particular historical course and its manifestation integrated to the sociohistorical, political and economic dynamics in which the human being develops (Vargas, 1994). Specifically, Vargas (1994) states that 4 phases were fundamental for sport to be considered a phenomenon of scientific interest: the formation of a traditional theory of physical education and its shift towards a pedagogical vision of sport, the development of applied sciences to physical education and sports, the concern for the constitution of a sport science and, finally, the scientific constitution of the study of sport in a basic and applied way, and at an interdisciplinary time.
Sports science
References
Culver, D .; Gilbert, W. and Sparkes, A. (2012). Qualitative research in sport psychology journals: The next decade 2000-2009 and beyond. The Sport Pyschologist, 26, 261-281
Dosil, J. (2001). Approach to the psychology of sport. Orense: Gersam.
Dosil, J. (2003). By way of introduction: diachronic vision of the psychology of sport in Spain. Journal of General and Applied Psychology, 56, 407-412.
Dosil, J. (2004). Psychology of physical activity and sport. McGraw-Hill.
Martens, Rainer (1987). Science, knowledge and sport psychology. Sport Psychologist, 1, 29-55.
Rojas, N. and Velazquez, M. (2008). Introduction to the psychology of sports, physical activity and physical exercise.
Serrato, Luis (2005). Sports psychology. Kinesis: Armenia
Vargas, Carlos Eduardo (1994). Sport as an object of study. Feriva: Cali
Weinberg, Robert S. and Gould, Daniel (1996). Fundamentals of sports psychology and physical exercise, pp. 1-31. Ariel S. A .: Barcelona
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