OSI - Open System interconnection is a framework used to standardize the functions of network technology.
What are Network Standards?
Standards define things like how data is formated, how devices connect to the network, and how they exchange information. Without standards, chaos would ensue, and devices from divergent manufacturers might not be able to communicate properly.
Standards, on the other hand, are formal specifications
and guidelines developed by recognized organisations or
industry bodies.
They ensure interoperability, compatibility, and consistency across various products, technologies, and
systems. Standards promote open and fair competition, facilitate innovation, and enable the seamless integration
of diverse components within a larger system.
The OSI model has seven layers, the first three layers are called the lower layer and the 4th to the 7th layer are called the upper layers.
The following are the 7 layers of OSI model
First layer - The physical layer
Second layer - Data link layer
Third layer - Network layer
Fourth layer - Transport layer
Fifth layer - Session layer
Sixth layer - Presentation layer
Seventh layer - Application layer
**What are Protocols? **
Protocols are rules and guidelines that determine how data are transmitted, routed and received over a network.
The Physical layer: is responsible for bit streams through physical medium. The Ethernet and Wi-fi protocols are utilized.
Data link layer: defines the format of data on a network. Utilizing the Mac ( Media access control) and PPP ( Point to Point ) protocols.
Network layer: decides which physical path the data will take. Utilizing the IP ( Internet Protocol) ICMP ( Internet control message protocol).
Transport layer: is responsible for the transmission of data through the TCP ( Transmission control protocol) and the UDP.
Session layer: is responsible for the maintenance of Network connection, they are also responsible for the control of ports and sessions. The Protocol utilized here is the NetBIOS ( Network basic input/output system)
Presentation layer: ensures that data is in a usable format, it is also where encryption occurs. The Protocol utilized here is the SSL/TLS ( Secure sockets layer/Transport layer security) protocols.
Application layer: This is the human-computer interaction layer, where applications can access the network service, through the use of the HTTP ( Hyper Text Transfer Protocol and the SMTP ( Simple Mail Transfer Protocol).
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