It is important to emphasize that at the end of the XIXth century, Henri Becquerel studied the fluorescent emission of true you go out of uranium and he verified that they were taking place without any external excitement. The open radiation not only was impressing badge photographic supported to dark to the light and was producing burns in the human textiles.
Henri Becquerel (1852-1908), source of image of mastery of Wikimedia Commons.
Henri Becquerel in 1896 discovered, a new property of the matter that later was named a natural radioactivity, this phenomenon took place during his investigation on the fluorescence, on having placed you go out of uranium on a photographic badge in a dark zone, he verified that the above mentioned badge was turning black. You them go out of uranium they were expressing a radiation capable of crossing black roles and other opaque substances to the ordinary light, these beams named in a beginning beams Becquerel in honor his discoverer, his investigations and discoveries served as base the first atomic models.
As for the radiations Marie Curie, verified that called beams uránicos were expressed by a lot of substances and that his emission was a specific property of the atoms in question, the interesting thing that this property called it a radioactivity, to determine the nature of the radiations expressed by radioactive substances, in which they will cross a field magnetic and it was proved that they were separating in two bundles: those who were electrically positive and had a low power of penetration were called beams α and the most penetrating of negative character were named beams β. On having used more powerful fields, it was possible to observe a big radiation, which power of penetration was superior to that of the beams β, it was not turned away and was called beams ϒ.
The beams α are formed by two protons and two neutrons, although they are expressed by a big energy, are absorbed rapidly by a small thickness of air, where he remains ionized, since they can be stopped by a thin layer of metal. The beams β are carriers of negative charges and they collaborate with the electron expressed at big speed, which sound more penetrating than the beams α, in regarding the beams ϒ are very penetrating and it is necessary a very thick wall of concrete or plates of lead to absorb it, it is for it that the emission of particles of α and β, trasforma the atom of an element in other, in such a way that it was verified that the spontaneous emission of a radioactive element trasformaba the uranium and the torio in other elements different from the original one.
Just let's imagine that an atom, which expresses a particle α, his atomic number diminishes in two units and his number of mass in four, the emission in a particle β does not change the number másico and the atomic number increases a unit, as for ϒ does not change the structure of the atom, only it modifies the energy of the nucleus. It is important to know on the electromagnetic polarization, since it is a property of the waves that can range with more than one orientation, this refers normally to the so-called transverse waves, in particular one usually speaks about the electromagnetic waves, although also it is possible to give in mechanical transverse waves, on the other hand, the sound waves in a gas or liquid they are exclusively longitudinal waves, in that the oscillation always goes in the direction of the wave; from what one does not speak about polarization in this type of waves, which also happen in the radioactivity.
Have the most technical following contribution in the effect of the electromagnetic wave.
The maintenance of the energy of the mechanical wave of the photon, it indicates us that the ether longitudinal luminífero-tension of the global ether, is a way not dispersivo. Another property of the electromagnetic waves, the fact is that they break the symmetry of the radial pure structure of the gravity.
Global Mechanics and Astrophysics: Global physics - Page 81 for José Tiberius - 2016.
Is for them that they are oscillating, but in different directions; perpendicular both between yes and perpendicular to the direction of spread of the wave; for convention, the plane of polarization of the light refers to the polarization of the electrical field. To find out the type of polarization of the wave, it is necessary to analyze the field (electrical or magnetic), the analysis will be realized for the electrical field, but it is similar to that of the magnetic field.
If the electrical field performs the for:
The largeness of the wave, E0 → always goes in the direction of polarization of the wave, it is for it from what it becomes necessary to analyze E0 → to see what type of polarization is had. The polarization of a wave is the geometric figure determined by the end of the vector that it represents to the electrical field according to the time, in a given position, for waves with change sinusoidal the above mentioned figure is in general an ellipse, there is a series of particular cases.
Types of polarization
Another important aspect is the polarization for selective absorption, since Some materials absorb selectively one of the transverse components of the electrical field of a wave, this property is named dicroísmo. The light experiences an absorption in certain states of polarization, the term dicroísmo comes from the remarks realized in very early epochs of the optical theory on certain glazing such as the tourmaline, in this glazing, the effect of the dicroísmo changes to a great extent with the wavelength of the light, doing that there appear different colors associated with the vision of different colors with different planes of polarization, this effect is named also pleocroísmo, and the skill is used in mineralogy to identify the different minerals. In some materials such as the herapatita (sulphate of iodoquinina) or the layers Polaroid, the effect is not so strongly dependent of the wavelength, and this one it is the reason for which the term dicroico uses very little.
It Is momentous to stand out, that I study them of the electromagnetic polarization realized by Henri Becquerel, it served as stimulus in the field of the fission and nuclear merger, in such a way that it was achieved he observes the rupture of an atom weighed in two equal parts when on him a neutron affects. In the above mentioned reaction it expresses two or more neutrons, where I sue him it can multiply and produce a reaction in chain, if this reaction in chain is controlled, by means of elements that absorb the neutrons to will, we will obtain a nuclear reactor, as for the merger, it is an inverse process to the fission, in two nuclei that they shock they form the heavier one, with sufficient energy, to be able to resist the repulsive force bring in the positive charges, it is for them that in many cases the nuclear fuel of the nuclear power plants is the uranium 235 naturally or enriched.
Bibliographical Source
Electromagnetic Interaction. Classic theory - Page 332 for Joan Costa Quintana, Fernando López Aguilar - 2007.
Systems of electronic communications - Page 348 for Wayne Tomasi - 2003.
Global Mechanics and Astrophysics: Global physics for José Tiberius - 2016.
[Henri Becquerel] (https: // es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Becquerel) Wikipedia.
