The mathematical equations aren't really like a list of math problems that are just being solved and stored. What is actually happening is what is called proof of work, the only reason for the math computation is because the time needed to solve the problem can be estimated and it proves that work was done. Proof of work is required so that people cannot just simply create coins, and it provides incentive for supporting the network. The mathematical equations being solved for bitcoin are just proof of work problems related to the next block being added to the blockchain.