Fading is used to indicate the *end of a scene or to suggest the passage of time. To fade in and out signal the beginning or end of a scene, especially fading to or from black. Fading to white has become trendy too.

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• The shot into or out of blackness.
  
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Dissolve

This occurs when one frame fades out and is gradually replaced by another so that at the midpoint of the dissolve, both frames can be seen on the screen.

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• It suggests a close relationship between the scenes that dissolve into each other.
• It is used to indicate flashbacks, dreams/thoughts of a character.

Zoom

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The camera focuses but does not move position.

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• The depth and focus change from wide angle to close-up shots, thus drawinf attention to detail of the subject or the background.

Panning

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The camera, mounted on a fixed point, moves horizontally from side to side.

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• This movement may create a feeling of space or vastness.

Source: EBH Joubert. Visual Literacy/Analysis

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