How the Soviet Union recovered animals.
In 1928 Sergei Brukhonenko quickened separated from the body the dog's head. Without these experiences of modern intensive care and transplantation would be impossible.
Recently, browsing the posts in Google+, I came across the entry with a photo of a battered and moist places of the archival document room P13/144. On yellowed photos (judging by the stamp, the document was declassified in the early nineties) people in white robes are standing near a table on which is mounted installation, supports life in the head of a dog of the collie. A dog's body is nearby, and, apparently, the life in it is also preserved by force.
The author of the post clarified with supplysource audience, whether this document is fake, the result of someone's crazy imagination and the same skills in the field of treatment by means of graphics processing. Most discussions and thought that this is pure fake. Looking at the document prosterto the seal of the CPSU Central Committee and marked "Strictly confidential" that was used only in the party paperwork, I'm ashamed to think about the reality of the photo events, the more that memory obligingly tossed the facts about the "war goals", which was fought between the USSR and the USA in the sixties and seventies.
Meanwhile, in the discussion thread there is another documentary photograph: a page from the book where it shows "automatic saving of life named after V. R. Lebedeva (ASIL) connected to the same dog's head collie.
The machine of preservation of life the name of the mysterious Lebedev.
The name of the Creator of the "machine" and forced me to dig into the history, finding all the scientists trying to somehow breathe life into separated from the body the dog's head. He began, however, I with fiction, remembering the famous belaiev "Head Professor Douelya".
In 1939, in the fifth issue of the journal "Children's literature" Alexander Belyaev published an article "About my works". This article was a response to criticism of his novel "Professor Dowell's Head". The reviewer of the novel, a friend Regali, thought nothing fabulous in the "Head Professor Douelya" no, because everywhere there are successful experiments to revive the dog's head, held by a Soviet scientist, Brukhonenko.
In his article Belyaev explained that the novel about the revival of a human head was written over fifteen years ago, in 1924, and at that time none of the Soviet scientists had not even planned such experiments.
Moreover, such experiments are not done by doctors, whose work relied Brukhonenko. Belyaev mention their names: Professor Petrov ... and St Michael's - and even refers to article I. Petrov "problems of revival" published in the "Izvestia" in 1937. Who is this Professor I. Petrov, and what experiments he conducted? I found the answer in the second issue of the journal "Science and life" in 1939, where Professor I. R. Petrov from the military medical Academy named after S. M. Kirov published an article "the problem of the revival of organisms" (which, as I understand it, was more expanded version of his work, previously published in "Izvestia").
Alexander Belyaev
On the website of the Military medical Academy named after S. M. Kirov, I found that Joachim R. Petrov in 1939 headed the Department of pathophysiology and for twenty-four years was its permanent head. Academician of SSR major-General Petrov made a great contribution to the development of national resuscitation. Best known for his development of krovezamenauschie solution, still referred to as "liquid Petrova, who saved during the great Patriotic war a lot of lives.
In his article "the problem of the revival of organisms" Joachim Romanovich tells about the relevance of recovery of humans and animals after cessation of heartbeat and respiration, as well as gives many examples of experiments that were conducted on cats. Descriptions of the experiments, it should be noted, at current grinpisovtsev times are very Frank ("...even in animals exposed to two-fold and three-fold recovery after the deadly strangulation...").
However, the article was not a word about the experiments to revive the individual head of the animal. But have found reference to the work of the French physiologist brown-sekara, who in 1848 revived the organs and tissues, washing out their blood vessels blood. On of Broun-sekara, by the way, referred in his article and Belyaev, mentioning that the Frenchman spent the first imperfect experiments to revive the dog's head in the nineteenth century.
In his youth Charles brown-Sekar was kind of romantic. Apparently, therefore, he firmly believed in the efficacy of invented the "elixir of youth"
Surprisingly, a prominent French physiologist, member of the British Royal society and the National Academy of Sciences of France Charles Edouard brown-Sekar in his youth and never wanted to be a doctor. His passion was literature. However, the writer Charles Node, to whom he showed his works, dissuaded brown-sekara to engage in literature. Not because of the talent the young man was not, but because the writing did not bring sufficient income.
Maybe the world lost a writer, but became passionate physiologist. Broun-Sekar proved very prolific (more than five hundred scientific papers) and courageous scientists, who was not afraid of criticism of colleagues. In 1858, he shocked the scientific community, restoring vital functions of the dog's head separated from the body. Broun-Sekar did it, flowing through the blood vessels of the head arterial blood (perfusion function).
But the greatest popularity of Broun-Sekar received for experiments on rejuvenation of the body by injecting serum from the sex glands of animals (dogs and rabbits). These experiments Broun-Sekar spent on myself. At the same time so confident in their efficiency that at the age of seventy-two years made a special report at the meeting of the Paris Academy of Sciences, assuring colleagues that his health after using the "elixir of youth" has improved significantly. The report caused a great sensation. The papers introduced the term "rejuvenation". Of course, it is now obvious that the greatest role in improving the well-being of an aging scientist played by hypnosis, but in those days, his experiences were considered a breakthrough in the field of extending the active life of man. Rather, it is the story of "elixir of youth" of Broun-sekara inspired by Mikhail Bulgakov to write the novel "heart of a Dog".
Broun-Sekar was one of the first ogivale goals. But discussing a photo we see a team of Soviet scientists. As we have seen, Soviet academician Petrov Joachim did not separated from the resurrection of the body goals. But the article Belyaeva there is another name - Brukhonenko.
Name Sergei Sergeyevich, Brukhonenko do the story of creating the first heart-lung machine (AIC). Forced to engage in practical surgery, immediately after graduating from medical faculty of Moscow state University (at that time in the midst was the First world war), Sergey Brukhonenko came up with the idea of maintaining the life of the organism and its individual organs by organizing artificial circulation.
This idea is embodied in the device of autorestore that Bryukhonenko and his colleagues developed and patented in 1925.
Page patent autojector Sergey Brukhonenko
For purposes of illustration, autojector, Bryukhonenko and conducted his famous experiment with the revival of the dog head. With the help of rubber tubes autojector that mimic heart was connected to an amputated animal's head in the big circle of blood circulation and amputated light in the small circle. In 1928, the animated dog's head was shown, Brukhonenko the scientific community. Head reacted to external stimuli and even ate the cheese!
A unique experience of Sergei Bryukhonenko lit" even in the marvel comics of the time.
The results are sensational experiment Brukhonenko was immediately presented by ideologues as the ultimate victory of Soviet science. It used them comrade Regali, criteria the novel by Alexander Belyaev. But, of course, the main merit of the invention, Brukhonenko is that for the first time in practice was realized the principle of artificial life support of the body and individual organs, which is unthinkable without modern intensive care and transplantation.
Estranged the dog's head, made by Sergei, Brukhonenko.
Sergey, Brukhonenko actively worked on improving his machine, working in the forties in the laboratory of experimental pathology at the Moscow Institute of emergency care Sklifosovsky, and later at the research Institute for experimental surgical apparatus and instruments. In 1965 for the development of the system of artificial blood circulation he was posthumously awarded the Lenin prize.
But not all "orifices heads" fate has been so supportive. An example is the destiny of a great experimenter of Vladimir Petrovich Demikhova, which transplant the entire world is deservedly considered his teacher.
The talent of the experimenter appeared from Vladimir Demikhova during the time of the students. In 1937, while a student at the physiological Department of the biological faculty of Moscow state University, Demikhov independently manufactured apparatus, which can now be called artificial heart. Their development of student-physiologist checked on the dog who has lived with an artificial heart Demikhovsky about two hours.
Next was the war and work as a pathologist. And dream is to help dying people, grafting them new vital organs. In the period from 1946 to 1950 Vladimir Demikhov, working in the Institute of experimental and clinical surgery, held a series of unique operations, running the world's first animal heart transplant, lung and liver. In 1952, he developed the technique of coronary bypass surgery, which now saves thousands of lives.
In the laboratory of Vladimir Demikhova was created more than twenty two-headed dogs.
However, obvious achievements Demikhova was received is not clear. Working in the first Moscow medical Institute named after I. M. Sechenov, Vladimir Petrovich because of disagreements with the management of the Institute was not able to defend the thesis on the theme "Transplantation of vital organs in the experiment. Meanwhile, his book of the same name became a bestseller in many countries for a long time was the only practical textbook on transplantation.
In 1965, the report Demikhova organ transplant (including heads) in dogs, made at a meeting of the section of transplantation, was subjected to severe criticism and was called nonsense and pure quackery. The rest of your life Vladimir Petrovich persecuted Soviet "colleagues" in the shop. And this despite the fact that Christian Bernard - the first surgeon who performed the heart transplant person before my surgery twice visited the lab Demikhova and considers him his mentor.
It is by the name of Vladimir Demikhova connected to the same "race heads" that started in the sixties between the USA and the USSR in parallel with the "space race".
Dr. Robert White
In 1966 the American government began funding the work of the surgeon of the Cleveland Central hospital Robert white. In March 1970, white had a successful operation to transplant the head of one monkey onto the body of another.
By the way, as in the case of Demikhova, the work of white in the United States was subjected to severe criticism. And if Vladimir Petrovich, Soviet ideologues were accused of flouting Communist morality, on white's "hung" violation of the monopoly of God's Providence. The rest of your life white collected funds for transplant of a human head. He was even a volunteer - paralysed Craig Vitovec.
Well, what an archival document, which started my investigation, and "automatic saving of life named after V. R. Lebedev"?
Of course, all this turned out to be a fraud. But falsification in the best sense of the word. These documents - the result of work performed in the framework of the creative project of computer graphics "Collie". To consider the application of the "machine preservation of life" for the creation of Soviet collie-cyborg truthful can just outright paranoid.
Fake? Definitely. Only here it is based on the fate of real people. Experimenters who are not afraid to turn belyaevskiy fantastic story in reality.
