Meditation is growing in popularity in western medical settings. Twenty minutes of meditation per day leads to mental and physical health benefits which are at least on a par with aerobic exercise. It also offers benefits to psychological or spiritual health and growth which no other activity offers.
Dr David Orme-Johnson’s review published in 2000 showed that many studies conducted over several year time frames have shown that meditation promotes growth into higher levels of psychological and spiritual adjustment. This is the purpose for which it has always been used in spiritual settings.
The highest human potential
In the 1960s Abraham Maslow conducted research which showed that some individuals attain what he called “self-actualisation” – a state of awareness in which they automatically (and often even effortlessly) worked to fulfil their potential as individuals. They tended towards a high level of competence in their endeavours. They also tended towards a high moral awareness and sense of justice, and often pursued these ends through their life’s work. They evidenced a passion or even joy in the way they worked towards their goals.
Classic examples of these individuals include Martin Luther King, Mahatma Gandhi, Malcolm X, and others who have worked for the benefit of humanity. But though these individuals have often been motivated by humanitarian concerns, they could just as easily have devoted their life to science and discovery, or another field altogether. The most important point is not the field of achievement, or even the final outcome – it is the sense of higher purpose that these individuals feel in their lives.
Maslow conducted interviews and questionnaires with students and other adults. He contended that around a third of us report moments in which we are in touch with self-actualisation. We feel confident and efficient. We openly and easily engage with others as we work towards goals. We feel joy, passion, and even exhilaration in our work.
Other individuals reported being unaware of this, and appeared not to understand what the interviewer was referring to.
While many of us grasp this concept very easily and feel intuitively comfortable with it, only a very small number live in this state all of the time. He believed that less than one in a thousand of the university students that he interviewed in the 1950s experienced self-actualisation as something fairly permanent.
He believed that those who experienced glimpses of self-actualisation should experience these moments more and more frequently and more continuously as life progressed. This would represent a healthy form of human development in which the individual ripened as they aged, rather than withered.
He also believed that there was evidence that self-actualisation could, in the most developed of all individuals, blend into a permanent experience which he called self-transcendence, in which the individual achieved a permanent state of spiritual awareness. And he identified this with the saints of the world’s religions.
Self-actualisation was not only investigated by Maslow. Many other psychologists have investigated similar themes in human development and found something similar. If development is healthy, then people will naturally come to experience life as something joyful, even exhilarating, and find that they work towards the goals that they set themselves easily and relatively effortlessly. And even develop an awareness of a higher power or purpose in the universe with which they can align their life.
Meditation accelerates adult personal development
Taking up meditation is one of the main ways in which this is possible.
All individuals experience a tremendous amount of growth in childhood and adolescence. Generally speaking we stop developing from early adulthood onwards.
Meditation is one of the things that can be used to make sure that our development continues.
Research has shown that those who spend a few minutes meditating every day are more likely to have experiences of self-actualisation, that they happen more, often and that they last for longer. Research has shown that meditation accelerates psychological development. Scores on scales of moral development, and measures of psychological maturity and emotional intelligence all increase as a result of meditation practice. Meditators report a greater conviction in their own beliefs and a greater ability to pursue their own goals rather than to follow the conventional expectations of society. They tend towards values of justice, equality and freedom, and are active in bringing about these goals in the world. They report far less symptoms of mental illness and psychological distress. They report greater joy, greater connection to the universe, and greater sense of life purpose. They often also report spiritual states of consciousness, and an awareness of the unity of all things.
These findings are not personal opinions or even summaries of anecdotal reports. They are measured using reliable scales of psychological development, and have been quietly finding publication in respected academic journals for over 30 years.
**Dr Jane Loevinger found that the highest scales of ego development and maturity tests were achieved by 38% of regular meditators while at university, while this figure was around 1% in university students who didn’t meditate.
**Dr Susan Cook Greuter found that 39% of those who meditated regularly scored at the “integrated” stage, the highest stage tested for, while less than 0.5% of the remaining adult population as a whole did.
Meditation has got little attention in the mainstream media until fairly recently, but this is starting to change.
Some useful references
Adams, G. R., & Shea, J. A. (1979). The relationship between identity status, locus of control, and ego development. Journal of Youth and Adolescence,8(1), 81-89
Cook-Greuter, S. (1990). Maps for living: Ego-development stages from symbiosis to conscious universal embeddedness. Adult development, 2, 79-104
Loevinger, J., Cohn, L. D., Bonneville, L. P., Redmore, C. D., Streich, D. D., & Sargent, M. (1985). Ego development in college. Journal of personality and social psychology, 48(4), 947.
Maslow, A. H. (1972). The farther reaches of human nature. Maurice Bassett.
Maslow, A. H. (2013). Toward a psychology of being. Start Publishing LLC.
Nidich, S., Seeman, W., & Dreskin, T. (1973). Influence of transcendental meditation: A replication. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 20(6), 565.
Nidich, S. I., Ryncarz, R. A., Abrams, A. I., Orme‐Johnson, D., & Wallace, R. K. (1983). Kohlbergian Cosmic Perspective Responses, EEG Coherence, and the Transcendental Meditation and TM‐Sidhi Programme. Journal of Moral Education, 12(3), 166-173.
Orme-Johnson, D. W. (2000). An overview of Charles Alexander’s contribution to psychology: developing higher states of consciousness in the individual and the society. Journal of Adult Development, 7(4), 199-215
Seeman, W., Nidich, S., & Banta, T. (1972). Influence of transcendental meditation on a measure of self-actualization. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 19(3), 184.
