$40 was an optimal example because it breaks both segments of the author payout into $10 blocks.
When we AREN'T getting that "extra money", who is?
Strange question to ask on a network that prints new money inflation on demand out of thin air. No one gets the extra money because it doesn't exist.
The network distributes HBD under the assumption that it is $1.
This value is calculated by the witness price feed average over 3 days.
HBD is minted based on this moving average of Hive determined by consensus witnesses acting as oracles for the network.
When HBD trades higher than one dollar because users are paying more than a dollar for it, the network does not print less HBD. There are no oracles to tell the network how much HBD is worth so it assumes $1. This is where the extra money comes from. HBD assumed to be a $1 value when it's not due to speculators paying a premium.
RE: HBD still well above the peg.