[Image1]
Hey it's a me again @drifter1!
Today we continue with my mathematics series about Signals and Systems in order to cover System Representation in Discrete-Time using Difference Equations.
So, without further ado, let's get straight into it!
In Discrete-Time, Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) Systems can be represented using linear difference equations with constant-coefficients, commonly shortened to LCCDE, as follows:
Using this representation its clearly depicted that the sum of weighted, delayed input impulses, x[n - k], is equal to a sum of weighted, delayed response impulses, y[n - k].
Setting the first sum equal to zero, and replacing y by some homogeneous response yh, its easy to specify an homogeneous equation:
Whenever some particular yp[n] satisfies the general equation, there exists some yh[n], so that their sum yp[n] + yh[n] satisfies the homogeneous equation.
Notation used:
The homogeneous solution will be of the following exponential form:
which results into the following homogeneous equation:
The equation can be simplified to:
with the following N roots: z1, z2, ..., zN, which give us the homogeneous solution:
The homogeneous solution can be used in order to calculate the solution of the difference equation when combined with a particular solution:
In addition, N auxiliary conditions are also needed, such as the values of y for no = 0:
In Linear systems the initial conditions are mostly taken at 0.
When speaking of Causal LTI systems, the initial rest is:
Assuming causality, when given:
its possible to calculate y[no].
Similarly the newly calculated value can then be used to calculate y[no + 1].
This procedure is therefore recursive.
As the initial, at rest solution is known from the auxiliary conditions, the solution is calculated from:
Mathematical representation always seems quite complex, and so block diagram representations have been developed.
First of all, let's get into how the delayed impulses of the input and response can be visualized.
Delayed impulses can be visualized using D squares.
Interconnecting 1-sample delays with input and response lines result into the following representation:
In order to turn the delayed impulses into weighted delayed impulses, which is basically the same as including the coefficients of the LCCDE, we just have to multiply each x[n-k] and y[n-k] by those coefficients.
Visually this can be interpreted as:
Now that each part of the sums is known, let's also calculate those sums, which is as simple as:
If we also multiply by 1/ao, we end up with a complete block diagram, known as the Direct Form I implementation:
Due to the properties of LTI systems, its also possible to cascade these two segments in the opposite order.
By also removing the x[n-k] and y[n-k] notations, as the coefficients suffice, we end up with the following interchanged block diagram:
Its also possible to make the block diagram even more compact by combining the two chains of delays.
The resulting representation is known as the Direct Form II Implementation, which is visualized as follows:
Mathematical equations used in this article, where made using quicklatex.
And this is actually it for today's post!
Next time we will cover representation in Continuous-Time, which is done using Differential Equations...
See Ya!
Keep on drifting!
