HYPERTENSI
Hypertension or high blood pressure, is increased blood pressure or force of blood pressing on the walls of the cavity where the blood was. High Blood Pressure (hypertension) is an increase in blood pressure in the arteries. (Hiper means Overrated, tension means pressure / t egangan; j adi, hipertensi is p system disorders that cause blood eredaran rise in blood pressure above the normal value.
Blood pressure in a person's life varies naturally. Infants and children normally have a blood pressure that is much lower than adults. Blood pressure is also affected by physical activity, which will be higher at the time of the activity and lower when resting. Blood pressure is also different in one day, the highest in the morning and most re ndah during nighttime sleep.
On examination the blood pressure will get two points. A higher figure obtained when the heart contracts (systolic), a lower number obtained when the heart relaxes (diastolic).Blood pressure is written as systolic pressure diastolic pressure slash, eg 120/80 mmHg, read a hundred and twenty eighty. Along with age, almost everyone has experienced an increase in blood pressure , systolic blood pressure continues to increase until the age of 80 years and diastolic pressures continue to increase until the age of 55-60 years, then decrease slowly or even decreased dramatically.
Blood pressure is written with two numbers, the number units mmHg (millimeters of mercury) in blood pressure tool / tension meter, the systolic and diastolic. Is the highest systolic blood pressure is when the heart is doing contract or contraction. Diastolic is the lowest figure at the heart expands in the final relaxation.
For example, blood pressure 120/80 mmHg mean systolic pressure of 120 and diastolic pressure of 80 mmHg.
Blood pressure is the pressure generated by:
a. Strength buds urgent cardiac left ventricle to insert the contents of the blood into the arterial trunk.
b. Resistance in the arterial blood flow.
c. Autonomic nerves are made up of the sympathetic and the sympathetic system.
Classification of blood pressure
No Classification Systolic Diastolic
1 Optimal <120 mmHg <80 mmHg
2 Normal <130 mmHg <85 mmHg
3 Normal high 130-139 mmHg 85-89 mmHg
4 Mild hypertension 140-159 mmHg 90-99 mmHg
5 Hypertension was 160-179 mmHg 100-109 mmHg
6 Severe hypertension > 180 mmHg > 110 mmHg
Normal blood pressure
Blood pressure varies per person per day, depending on the circumstances, and are affected by the activities of a person, so normalpun blood pressure varies.
Adults when the blood pressure showed the number 140/90 mmHg is considered normal upward. There is a perception of low blood pressure is not good, it is less precise.Because statistics show that people with low blood pressure have the same age with so-called normal. The best thing is to maintain normal blood pressure and the assumption that increasing age is higher blood pressure is not a problem, is the assumption that needs to be clarified, because based on statistics of parents whose blood pressure in the normal range, the trend gets low stroke disorders. Check your blood pressure regularly at least once every 6 months or whenever the doctor / health facility.
2 classification known hypertension (by cause), namely:
a. primary hypertension (hypertension idiophatik), in which the cause is not known with certainty. It also said that hypertension is the impact of lifestyle and environmental factors.
b. secundary hypertension, is hypertension that occurs due to the disease from other diseases such as abnormalities in the kidneys or keruskanan of the hormone system.
WHO classifies hypertension based on the presence or absence of abnormalities in other organs, namely:
a. hypertension without abnormalities in other organs.
b. hypertension with cardiac enlargement.
c. hypertension with abnormalities in other organs in addition to the heart.
Classification of hypertension by high blood pressure are:
a. borderline hypertension: blood pressure between 140/90 mmHg and 160/95 mmHg.
b. mild hypertension: blood pressure between 160/95 mmHg and 200/110 mmHg.
c. Moderate Hypertension: Blood pressure between 200/110 mmHg and 230/120 mmHg.
d. severe hypertension: blood pressure between 230/120 mmHg and 280/140 mmHg.
There are 2 kinds of hypertension, essential and secondary.
a. hypertension Essential hypertension is the most not known cause. There are 10 - 16% of adults suffer from high blood pressure.
b. hypertension Secondary hypertension is a known cause and why. Hypertension kind is only a small part, which is only about 10%.
Some of the causes of hypertension, among others:
• Because hormonal, for example, from the adrenal glands.
• The use of drugs.
• smoking because the nicotine contained in tobacco.
• Alcoholic beverages.
• Abnormalities in the kidneys.
• Intracranial Abnormalities resulting in increased intracranial pressure or because of its location near the center of persyarafan that affect blood pressure.
• Abnormalities of the large blood vessels (aorta) that koartasio aorta where the aortic arch aorta is continuous with decendens.
a. Heart
Measuring about one fist and is located within the chest, the limit on the right is right and apeksnya sternum in the fifth intercostalis space midclavicular left linea.
Relation of heart is:
Above: large blood vessels
Bottom: diaphragm
Each side: lung - lung
Rear: the descending aorta, esophagus, vertebral Columna
b. Arteries
Is the tube through which the blood flow in tissues and organs.Consists of layers of the arteries: a slippery layer, the middle layer of elastin tissue / muscle: the aorta and major branches have laposan center consisting of a network of elastin (to deliver blood to the organs), smaller arteries have a muscular middle layer (regulating the amount of Blood delivered to an organ).
c. Arterioles
Are the blood vessels with smooth muscle wall is relatively thick. Arteriolar wall muscles to contract. Contractions caused kontriksi diameter blood vessels. When kontriksi localized, blood supply to the tissues/organs is reduced. If there kontriksi general, blood pressure will increase.
d. Major blood vessels and capillaries
The main blood vessels are thin-walled vessels that run directly from arterioles to venul. Capillaries are the network of small blood vessels open major blood vessels.
e. Sinusoids
There are spleen, liver, bone marrow, and endocrine glands.Sinusoids three to four times greater than in capillaries and partially coated with reticulo-endothelial system cells. In places the sinusoid, having direct contact with the blood cells and the exchange does not take place through the network space.
f. Vena and venul
Venul is a combination of small veins formed capillaries. Veins formed by the combined venul. Veins have three walls that are not adjacent to each other perfectly. (Gibson, John. Issue 2 2002, p 110)
The heart has the function as a pump oxygenated blood in the arterial system, which was brought into the cell and the entire body to collect blood deoxygenation (blood oxygen levels less) of the vein system are delivered to the lungs for reoksigenasi (Black, 1997)
The mechanisms that control the constriction and relaxation of blood vessels located in the vasomotor center, the medulla of the brain.This stems from the central vasomotor sympathetic nerve pathway, which continues down to the spinal cord and the spinal cord out of the column to the sympathetic ganglia in the thorax and abdomen.stimulation of the vasomotor center is delivered in the form of impulse moves down through the sympathetic nerves to the sympathetic ganglia. At this point, neurons release acetylcholine preganglion, which will stimulate post-ganglion nerve fibers to the blood vessels, which resulted in the release of norepinephrine constriction of blood vessels. Various factors such as anxiety and fear can affect vascular response to stimuli vasokontriktor. Individuals with hypertension are very sensitive to norepinephrine, although it is not clear why it could happen.
At the same time stimulate the sympathetic nervous system in which the blood vessels in response to emotional stimuli, the adrenal glands are also stimulated vasoconstriction resulting in additional activities. Secreting adrenal medullary epinephrine causes vasoconstriction. Adrenal cortex secrete cortisol and other steroids, which DAPT strengthen blood vessels vasokontriktor response.vasoconstriction resulting in decreased blood flow to the kidneys, causing the release of renin. Renin stimulates the formation of angiotensin I, which is then converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, which in turn stimulates aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex. hormone causes retention of sodium and water by the kidney tubules, causing an increase in intravascular volume. All of these factors tend to provoke a state of hypertension.
Structural and functional changes in the peripheral vascular system responsible for the changes in blood pressure that occurs in the elderly. These changes include atherosclerosis, loss of elasticity of the connective tissue, and a decrease in vascular smooth muscle relaxation, which in turn lowers the ability of tensile strength distension and blood vessels. Consequently, the aorta and large arteries less able to accommodate the volume of blood pumped by the heart (volume sekuncup), resulting in decreased cardiac output and increased peripheral resistance (Smeltzer, Bare, 2002).
The symptoms of hypertension, among others:
a. Much of no symptoms.
b. Pain in the back of the head.
c. stiff neck.
d. Fatigue.
e. Nausea.
f. Shortness of breath.
g. Restless.
h. Vomiting.
i. easily offended.
j. hard to sleep.
Complaints are not always going to be experienced by a patient with hypertension. Often a person with symptoms of pain behind his head, irritability and difficulty sleeping, when the blood pressure measured showed a normal blood pressure numbers. The only way to determine the presence or absence of hypertension only by measuring blood pressure.
Hypertension if not controlled can lead to serious complications, such as:
a. kidney damage.
b. damages blood vessels.
c. brain hemorrhage / stroke.
d. Paralysis.
e. enlarged heart / heart trouble.
f. Narrowing of the coronary arteries / heart attack.
Person's risk for hypertension (except essential), can be reduced by:
a. Checking blood pressure regularly .
b. Maintain ideal weight .
c. Reducing salt intake .
d. Do not smoke .
e. Exercising regularly .
f. regular life .
g. Reducing stress .
h. Do not rush .
i. Avoid fatty foods.
Primary Prevention:
• Adequate sleep, between 6-8 hours per day.
• Reduce high cholesterol foods and multiply physical activity to lose weight.
• Reduce alcohol consumption.
• Consumption of fish oil.
• The supply of calcium, although only slightly lower blood pressure but calcium is also quite helpful.
Secondary Prevention
• Pattern whice food healthy.
• Reduce salt and sodium in your diet.
• Physical active.
• Reduce intake Alcohol.
• Stop smoking.
Tertiary Prevention
• Control of blood on a regular basis.
• Sports regularly and adjusted to body condition.
Treatment of hypertension is best:
a. Always control your blood pressure checked regularly by a doctor .
b. Always take medication regularly even without a complaint .
c. Reducing salt intake .
d. Increase consumption of vegetables and fruit .
e. Obeying doctor's advice.
The content of salt (Sodium or Sodium)
Someone who is suffering from hypertension should control themselves in salt consumption. The meaning here is the sodium salt of salt present in almost all foods derived from animals and plants.One major source of sodium is table salt. Therefore, the recommended salt intake of no more than ¼ - ½ teaspoon / day or to use other than the sodium salt.
Low salt diet goal is to help eliminate the salt or water retention in the body tissues and lowers blood pressure in hypertensive patients.The terms of a low salt diet is:
• Enough energy, protein, minerals, and vitamins.
• Forms of foods according to the disease state.
• The amount of sodium adjusted to the severity of salt or water retention and / or hypertension.
This diet contains enough nutrients. In accordance with the state of the disease can be given different levels of Low Salt Diet.
• Low Salt Diet I (200-400 mg Na)
This diet was given to patients with edema, ascites, and / or severe hypertension. In the food processing no salt added. Avoided the foods high in sodium.
• Low Salt Diet II (600-800 mg Na)
This diet was given to patients with edema, ascites, and / or hypertension are not too heavy. Daily feeding with Low Salt Diet I. In the food processing may not use salt ½ tsp (2 g). Avoided the foods high in sodium.
• Low Salt Diet III (1000-1200 mg Na)
This diet is given to patients with edema and/or mild hypertension. Daily feeding with Low Salt Diet I. In the food processing may use 1 teaspoon salt (4 g).
Potassium suplements 2-4 grams per day can help lower blood pressure. Potassium is generally fat found in some fruits and vegetables. Fruits and vegetables that contain potassium and good for people with hypertension consumed include watermelon, avocado, melon, bitter melon fruit, squash, bligo, machete pumpkin / gourd, cucumber, aloe vera, celery, onion and garlic. In addition, foods containing omega 3 sagat elements known to be effective in helping to decrease blood pressure (hypertension).
In patients with hypertension where blood pressure> 160 / g mmHg, in addition to the provision of anti-hypertensive drugs need dietetic therapy and lifestyle changes. The objective of dietary management is to help lower blood pressure and maintain blood pressure to normal. In addition, the diet is also intended to reduce risk factors such as overweight, high cholesterol and fat levels of uric acid in the blood. It should be noted also that accompanies other degenerative diseases such as high blood pressure, heart, kidney and diabetes mellitus.
a. SETTING MENU FOODS
Adjusting diet is recommended for patients with hypertension to avoid and limit foods that can increase blood cholesterol levels and increase blood pressure, so people do not have a stroke or cardiac infarction.
Foods to be avoided or restricted are:
How to set up a diet for people with hypertension is to improve the taste by adding sugar fresh red / white onion (red / white), ginger, and other spices kencur are not salted or salt contains less sodium.Food can be sauteed to improve the taste. Put salt at the table above can be taken to avoid excessive use of salt. It is recommended to always use iodized salt and salt use no more than 1 teaspoon per day.
Increasing potassium intake (4.5 grams or 120-175 mEq / day) can give the effect of a mild decrease in blood pressure. In addition, administration of potassium also helps to replace lost sodium and low potassium result. Can generally used medium size (50 grams) of apples (159 mg potassium), orange (250 mg potassium), tomato (366 mg potassium), banana (451 mg potassium) baked potato (503 mg potassium) and 1 cup skim milk (406 mg potassium). Adequacy of calcium is important to prevent and treat hypertension: 2-3 glasses of skim milk or 40 mg / day, 115 grams of low-sodium cheese to meet the needs of calcium 250 mg / day. While the needs of the average daily calcium 808 mg.
In pregnant women food enough protein, calories, calcium and sodium are associated with a lower incidence of hypertension of pregnancy. However, pregnant women are especially hypertension accompanied by swelling and urinary protein (pre-eclampsia), other than medicines recommended to reduce salt intake and increase food sources of Mg (vegetables and fruits).
b. SUPPLEMENTATION anti oxidant
Despite antioxidant supplementation still require further research, but today many supplements are sold and consumed by the public. As medical personnel should be careful giving advice supplement drink to avoid overdose.
