https://github.com/nuls-io/nuls
There is a steady development of innovation directly from human progress to as on date and the new technologies are advancing at a quicker rate than the human may ever have thought of. Out of such a large number of technologies, just a couple have gone on for quite a long time which really gave an answer for the different issues. One such innovation is a Blockchain innovation. Over the most recent two decades, the physical world is endeavouring to advance into a digitized world and that, in fact, is a need to oblige the different needs of new ages. Blockchain innovation is fundamental to understand an advanced world, to manage the administration of digitized resources, to value transfer in a trustless environment and through a distributed system.
Blockchain is a technology which is fundamentally based on encryption and peer to peer distributed ledger. This technology is such a powerful technology, that offset the traditional third party based centralized technology. It works in a way similar to that of worldwide internet connection and the value transfer can happen in a trustless environment. We are sending so many things over the internet through a centralized server, where the data is routed through a centralized server before being delivered to the desired beneficiary. Blockchain technology removes this centralized server and makes the transaction happens in a peer to peer distributed ledger.
In this context, we can say, the future is trustless with Blockchain technology but the application of Blockchain technology has not yet converged to a point where the users or enterprises will find it as easy as operating a smartphone or a laptop. So the Blockchain technology is still perceived as a high-level tech savvy technology on its application part and unless the composition of blockchain technology is modularized, the entry level will not be that easy and it will continue to be perceived as a technological barrier for its application in real-world domain.
The goal to ease off the complex application interface of Blockchain technology introduces NULS architecture which makes the application/implementation of Blockchain technology easy by decomposing the blockchain into different modules. The user/enterprises can choose the modules of their choice and customize it as per the need of their business principle. With the available developer tools of NULS, a sub chain can be tailor-made for a user/enterprise.
With NULS Blockchain, one can save a lot of time. The modular Blockchain of NULS and the principle of parallel expansion can really expedite the application of Blockchain technology in the commercial sector in a better way. Now the Blockchain technology can be affordable for everyone without having to know the technical aspect of Blockchain. Enterprises willing to adopt Blockchain technology to their business principle can do it now by easily with NULS modular Blockchain.
The break down of typical Blockchain results in various components- ledger, smart contract, account, storage, consensus etc. These components in NULS are known as modular components of the Blockchain, which are quite flexible and customizable as per the requirement of the user. That is why the blockchain of NULS is known as modular Blockchain. The modular Blockchain of NULS consists of:-
In NULS, the Blockchain is decomposed into various modules. The various built-in modules of NULS are:-
The database is maintained through the service interface.
It provides caching functionality for the entire NULS system, including creating and manipulating cached data.
The primary function of the Network module is communication services for NULS Blockchain, p2p nodes management, sending of network data to the event bus.
The basic function of the Account module includes operating, creating, importing, exporting, password setting of an account. NULS account can be shared by both main-chain and sub-chain.
The basic function of the Event Bus Module includes sending, receiving, filtering, distributing, publishing/subscribing events.
This module is responsible for maintaining consensus operation, block verification, consensus reward calculation, reward distribution, transaction fee calculation, punishment to nodes in case of violation.
It is the accounting book for the transaction of all the blocks. It also defines basic operation related to NULS token transaction.
Module Manger, Service Bus & Event Bus-- These three components constitute NULS Micro-Kernel. The micro-kernel manages all the modules.
Module Manager is responsible for loading and unloading of all modules from the chain.
Service Bus is responsible for service handling of each module.
Event Bus is responsible for publication/subscription of module events. The events in NULS network are of two types:-
The data structure of events in NULS network happens through different layers like Logic Layer, Module Layer, Cross-chain Layer. This layered data structure of events further improves the scalability of NULS Blockchain.
Internal Implementation within each module is visible only within its modules so that the upgradation of each module can be done without interfering any other module.
The modular design of NULS consists of:-
Definition is public where as implementation is private.
Each module has the provision to upgrade to the advancement of technology and the interaction between different modules happen through Event Bus and Service Bus.
The function of NULS micro-kernel is accomplished in four ways:-
The function is to manage the life cycle of all modules in NULS nodes.
The function is to process all the tasks such as : NULS Process & NULS Thread
When a module is created, its main process is also created which is known as NULS process. A module performs various tasks and those tasks are mapped into NULS thread which has an identification number and a thread name.
The function is to manage all the services. This interface is somewhat developer oriented. Service manager provides service registration information for module developers.
NULS structure has the flexibility to the developers as well. A developer is free to develop its own application module. Different developers can develop different modules and the different module in NULS network will be able to communicate through event-driven communication.
NULS structure consists of main-chain and sub-chains. While main-chain is based on a consensus protocol PoC-Proof of Credit, the sub-chain consensus is as per the choice of the user and the user is free to choose any of the available consensus mechanism of any blockchain project.
The user or enterprise can have all readily available resources from Module Library and get their chain customized with their own set of parameter suitable to their business principle. This structure of NULS saves a lot of time for users/enterprises and also makes it cost effective. This where NULS can change the game. This is key for mass adoption.
The enterprises can build their dApps in sub-chain, can create their own token(by staking in NULS token), can code their own consensus, can make a business transaction with the use of smart contract of NULS, NULSVM, which supports all programming languages.
Proof of Stake along with a credit rating is known as Proof of Credit. Credit Rating is a coefficient to measure the integrity and trustworthiness of a user running the node. There are two types of alert- Yellow Card and Red Card.
Yellow card Alert is issued as a consequence of violation in the context of computer crash or internet disconnection which is primarily not intended to attack the network. As a consequence, the fund is locked for 3 days and credit rating also downgraded.
Red card Alert is issued as a consequence of hostile attack to the network and in such a case, the user's credit rating is heavily downgraded in such a way that the user can not participate in future again. Fund is also locked for a period of 30 days.
The sub-chains of NULS is the main attraction of the whole ecosystem, as the users/enterprises can customize their own sub-chain, they can set their own consensus protocol, they can make their own choice of anonymity, whether to remain public or private is absolutely at their discretion, they can have their own wallet, they can have their own dApps, whether to make it permission-less or permissioned is up to them. The customizable sub-chains is something to reckon with as far as Blockchain application is concerned and this feature of NULS acts to bridge the gap between blockchain technology and commercial application. This interface makes the entry level of Blockchain application easy.
NULS token is the token of main-chain and the sub-chain token can be customized as per the user's requirement. NULS tokens and other customized tokens of different sub-chains can be able to circulate between main-chain and sub-chain.
Verification of blocks in the main chain & sub-chain happens through cross-chain consensus.
Part of the main chain domain and part of the sub-chain domain constitute the cross-chain domain. The trans-chain transaction becomes possible through the nodes of cross-chain consensus domain.
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The nodes which are common to both main-chain domain and cross-chain consensus domain, as well as the nodes common to both sub-chain domain and cross-chain consensus domain, are known as cross-chain consensus nodes.
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A, B- Main-chain nodes
C, D- Sub-chain nodes
The main-chain and the sub-chain are interlinked through cross-chain consensus domain, so here A,B,C,D forms the cross-chain consensus domain.
When a new block is generated, C & D nodes will collect the cross-chain transactions in the new block to make the cross-chain block broadcast to cross-chain consensus nodes, node C, node D to authenticate the integrity of data in the block. When node A & node B receive a cross-linked block, the node is validated to the nodes other than the broadcaster.
The data isolation and trans-chain audit features of NULS will ensure data confidentiality and security of sub-chain. So those organizations who are willing to adopt Blockchain technology yet concerned about data confidentiality can now adopt Blockchain technology through NULS structure where they can make their sub-chain private. The sub-chain of NULS can be made private or public and that depends upon the user's choice.
NULS structure audits the integrity of private sub-chain data with the main chain, so as to ensure confidentiality and integrity both. The private sub-chain or the public sub-chain will be able to interact with main-chain of NULS through cross-chain consensus.
With the multi-chain system of NULS, the main chain is always less burdened and the sub-chains act as an individual blockchain. However the sub-chain do interact with the main-chain of NULS with the technology and mechanism available in NULS so that economic principle of NULS remains homogeneous.
The flexibility in NULS structure is achieved by modularization of sub-chains, so that the users and enterprises are free to customize their own sub-chains and make it synchronized with their business principle.
The scalability is also enhanced by side-chains as the side-chains will be able to act independently with other sub-chains, it is definitely a big advantage for a multi-chain system to scale higher number of transactions per second.
The scalability and flexibility of NULS are further improved by filter chain. Filter chain allows partial processing of information of an event.
NULS can scale 2000 transactions per second and with the sub-chain mechanism it can scale up to 1 million transactions per second. The long-standing debate over the scalability of Blockchain now seems to get resolved with NULS structure.
The flexible application interface of modularized sub-chain will definitely help a lot in mass adoption and commercial application.
NULS is the native token of NULS ecosystem. So the main-chain token is NULS whereas the sub-chain token will be created by the user/enterprises, but NULS ecosystem has been designed in such a way that the token of sub-chain will act as a contract token.
So all the business transaction can happen with the sub-chain token by the enterprises, but when the enterprises need to cash out they will have to rout through NULS token.
Total supply of NULS token is 100 million and 40 million is the circulating supply. The issuance of 100 million NULS token has been divided into four parts:-
To reward miners, 5 million NULS tokens will be created every year.
The CEO has specially given certain parameters to the team to evaluate a particular blockchain to suit their requirement. The parameters are "GDC Ltd should be able to use its own chain independently, they want to have their own token so that they can pay bonus to their employee, they want to keep the things decentralized, they want to prevent any kind of double spending, they want their own consensus protocol, they want to keep their own chain private, they want better scalability, they do not have much time to spend to design their own chain, so they are looking for ready-made resources".
The core team made a lot of research and finally shortlisted three chains namely ETH, NEO and NULS. Describe how the requirement of GDC Ltd can be fulfilled with the different variables/parameters set by GDC Ltd? Make a comparative chart based upon various parameter set by the CEO of GDC Ltd. Which chain is looking more promising for this use-case?
As indicated in this use case, the team after their research have shortlisted three chains namely ETH, NEO and NULS.
So let's first list out the basic parameters based upon which they will evaluate and choose a particular chain:-
We will go one by one and see how the three chains can suit the parameters of GDC Ltd.
(1) All the three networks namely ETH, NEO and NULS can fulfill the requirement of a decentralized network for GDC Ltd. However with the consensus protocol of NEO, it tends to be centralized.
(2) GDC Ltd want to create their own token called GDC which will be used to pay the monthly performance bonus to their employee, with ETH they can have their ERC 20 based token, with NULS also they can create their own token. ETH Smart contract VM works only with difficult programming language where as NULS VM will support any programming language. So in this parameter, NULS is relatively a better option.
(3) GDC Ltd wants its chain to function independently. With ETH they can create ERC-20 token and its functionality may not be the same with other available option and it all depends upon how customizable and flexible the side chain is. NULS can solve this dilemma for GDC Ltd as it has multi-chain system comprising of main-chain and sub-chain and the sub-chain absolutely functions independently to other chain in NULS structure.
(4) It wants to avoid double spending. This is possible with all the three networks, as any typical Blockchain can be able to avoid double-spending.
(5) They want to have their own consensus protocol. ETH consensus protocol is PoW, NEO cosensus protocol is dBFT and NULS consensus protocol is PoC in its main chain and the sub-chain can be customized to any consensus protocol as per the requirement of the user. So ETH and NEO cannot fulfil this criterion whereas NULS can fulfil this criterion perfectly. With NULS, they can even change or modify their protocol in future.
(6) They want to keep their chain private. It is not possible with ETH and NEO network, however, NULS network can fulfil this requirement of GDC Ltd. Although NULS is open source, its sub-chain can be customized in such a way that it can be kept private and can be kept public also. So it is up to the choice of the user.
(7) They want better scalability. ETH can scale 20 transactions per second, where as NEO can scale 10000 transactions per second and NULS with sub-chain mechanism can scale 1 million transactions per second. So in this parameter, NULS has got the upper hand as compared to the other two.
(8) They want readily available resources to build their chain. With ETH and NEO, it is not possible and with NULS it can be done by an ease. NULS is known for its modular Blockchain and one does not have to build his chain from scratch as the readily available modules can be obtained from the module library of NULS and GDC Ltd has to set their business parameter only so that the customized chain will function according to their parameters. NULS will save a lot of time and the developer's cost of building own chain for GDC Ltd and particularly in this parameter, NULS is unparalleled and it can solve the dilemma of GDC Ltd.
All these eight points were put in a graphical/chart representation and were presented upon, in the meeting with the CEO of GDC Ltd to take a final call on the selection of a particular chain to adopt for their human resource management.
From the above chart, the CEO got convinced that based on the different parameters set by the company, it is the NULS network which can fulfill the requirement of GDC Ltd, so the CEO finally took a call and decided to go with NULS network and the chain factory wizard of NULS made it possible for GDC Ltd to realize their own blockchain with their own terms.
The current status of Blockchain is facing problems like complex interface, synchronization issue, performance issue, data confidentiality issue which is hindering the performance from an application point of view in businesses. That is why even after 10 years of journey, we are unable to see a notable implementation in businesses. It is not like that the businesses or enterprises are not interested to adopt Blockchain technology, but the issues related to it are making them hesitant.
The challenges always bring innovation and NULS has re-architectured the Blockchain technology in to an open source modular blockchain where the all the readily available resources in the form of modules will be provided to the enterprises or businesses and they can customize their own blockchain with NULS multi-chain structure, they can build their dApps, they are free to make their own business principle to sync with their chain and they can be able to communicate with the main chain of NULS. NULS can also make it highly scalable which is key in business level propagation. NULS will also provide data security and safety. With NULS, the digital transaction across enterprises and businesses will be speedy and cost-effective too and it can happen in a decentralized way.
NULS modular Blockchain is going to set the road for the evolution of Blockchain technology into a widely adaptable Blockchain solution for the enterprises.
