What Are They? For those unfamiliar with the term, a sailboat’s spars are the rigid components of a sailing rig. They include the boat’s masts, booms, gaffs, yards, sprits, poles, and spreaders – all of which exist to support the boat’s sails. These components, together with the cables that hold them in place and reinforce their rigidity (called stays and shrouds) comprise the boat’s fixed rigging, while the ropes or cables that control the motion of the sails and the hardware used with them are called the running rigging. Specifically, those that raise and lower the sails are called halyards while those that control their lateral motion are called sheets. The hardware includes blocks or pulleys, travelers that control the location of the blocks, winches that provide the leverage to tension the sheets and halyards, and stoppers that let one adjustably lock down the tail end of a halyard or sheet. There are also various devices for furling sails, or rolling them up in order tho reduce their exposure to the wind.
Scope of this Summary There has been a great deal of innovation in sails and sailing rigs over the years past, and whole books written on the subject, so I’ll not be attempting to duplicate all that lore here. Instead, I’ll explain what I believe to be the most essential knowledge for the cruising sailor. In choosing this material, I am keeping in mind that a cruising rig needs to be sturdy, reliable, and readily maintainable. To these ends it is often wise to make it as simple as possible while also keeping within the parameters dictated by the usage of the boat, the experience and size of the crew, and the possibility of encountering stressful emergencies at sea.
My own personal preference is to equip the boat in such a way that I could sail it alone if I had to – because one never knows when illness, injury, or even death might make other crew members unavailable.
Mast Configuration The first consideration concerning masts is the question of how many you want to have aboard your boat. Other things being equal, I’d suggest having two or three. This redundancy will make it less likely that you will find yourself with no mast at all if a storm deprives you of one. Another advantage of multiple masts is that for a given total sail area one requires smaller sails, and this makes the sails easier to handle and control. Matching sail design to the rest of a boat design is a job for a naval architect or marine engineer. While it may seem overkill to have three masts, it is not uncommon for a Chinese junk rig on a 40 footer to have three – and the junk is one of the oldest an most reliable rigs to be found. Although a three-masted boat will be heavier than the same boat with only one mast, light weight and speed are not the primary criteria for a cruising vessel.
