English Grammar အားနည္​းသူမ်ားအတြက္​

Demonstractive Pronouns

Demonstractive pronoun ​ဆိုတာက noun ရဲ႕ ​ေနရာ ဒါမွမဟုတ္​ noun phrase ရဲ႕​ေနရာမွာ အစားသံုးတဲ့ pronoun ​ေတြပါ
ဒီ pronoun ​ေတြက အ​ေဝးမွာ႐ွိတာ အနီးမွာ႐ွိတာ ​ေလာ​ေလာဆယ္​ျဖစ္​တာ အတိတ္​မွာျဖစ္​ခဲ့တာ​
ဒါ​ေတြကို ကိုယ္​စားျပဳပါတယ္​

Demonstractive pronoun စုစု​ေပါင္​းမွ (7) လံုးပဲ႐ွိပါတယ္​
1)this
2)that
3)these
4)those
5)none
6)such
7)neither

ဒီ (7) လံုးမွာ အဓိကအသံုးမ်ားတာ​ေတြကအ​ေပၚက (4) လံုးပါပဲ
ဒီ (4) လံုးကိုအမ်ိဳးအစားခြဲ႐င္​

1)this

Singular ပါ . တစ္​ခုကိန္​းအ​ေနနဲ႔သံုးပါတယ္​
nearby ပါ . အနီးမွာ႐ွိတာ​ေတြကို ကိုယ္​စားျပဳပါတယ္​
ဥပမာ-

This isn't mine.
ဒါကငါ့ဟာမဟုတ္​ဘူး

Singular အ​ေနနဲ႔သံုးလို႔ is နဲ႔တြဲပါတယ္​
သူ​ေျပာတဲ့ this က သူ႔အနီးမွာ႐ွိတယ္​လို႔ယူဆပါတယ္​

2)that

Singular ပါ . တစ္ခု​ကိန္​းအ​ေနနဲ႔သံုးပါတယ္​
far away ပါ . အ​ေဝးမွာ႐ွိတာကို ကိုယ္​စားျပဳပါတယ္​
ဥပမာ-

Give me that.
ငါ့ကိုအဲဒါ​ေလး​ေပးပါ

အဲဒာ​​ေလးဆိုတာ တစ္​ခုတည္​းပါ (singular ​)
အဲဒါ​ေလး​ေပးခိုင္​းမွ​ေတာ့ သူနဲ႔​ေဝး​ေနလို႔​​ေပါ့

3)these

Plural ပါ . အမ်ားကိန္​းအ​ေနနဲ႔သံုးပါတယ္​
nearby ပါ . အနီးမွာ႐ွိတာကို ကိုယ္​စားျပဳပါတယ္​
ဥပမာ-

These are our friends.
ဒါ ငါ့တို႔သူငယ္​ခ်င္​း​ေတြ​ေလ

Plural ဆို​ေတာ့ are နဲ႔တြဲတယ္​
our friend ​ေတြက အနီးမွာ႐ွိပါမယ္​

4)those

Plural ပါ . အမ်ားကိန္အ​ေနနဲ႔သံုးပါတယ္​
far away ပါ . အ​ေဝးမွာ႐ွိတာကို ကုိယ္​စားျပဳပါတယ္​
ဥပမာ-

I forgot to bring those.
ငါဒါ​ေတြကို ယူဖို႔​ေမ့လာၿပီ

Plural လို႔ယူဆပါတယ္​
​မယူခဲ့ရ​ေတာ့ သူနဲ႔​အ​ေဝးမွာ႐ွိၿပီ​ေပါ့

Demonstractive pronoun ​ေတြက abstract thing(ဥပမာ-idea)​ေတြအစားလဲသံုးႏိုင္​ပါတယ္​ (​abstract - ျဒပ္​မဲ့)
ဒါဆို pronoun ​ေလးလံုးကဒီလိုျဖစ္​ပါမယ္​

this - singular/current(​ေလာ​ေလာဆယ္​)
that - singular/past(အတိတ္​)
these - plural/current(​ေလာ​ေလာဆယ္​)
those - plural/past(အတိတ္​)
ဥပမာ-

I really love this!

(present tense ပါ)

That was so cool.

(past ဆို​ေတာ့ was နဲ႔တြဲတယ္​)

These are the time I remember to stay calm.

(present ကို singular ဆို​ေတာ့ are နဲ႔တြဲတယ္​)

Those were some fantastic days,right?

(were ​ေလးနဲတြဲတာ​ေပါ့ plural,past ဆို​ေတာ့)

​ေလ႐ွည္​တာနည္​းနည္​းမ်ားသြားရင္​ အဲဒီ အဓိက​ေလးမ်ိဳးကို ျပန္​အႏွစ္​ခ်ဳပ္​ပါမယ္​😁

this - singular / nearby / current
this - တစ္​ခုကိန္း / အနီးအနား / ​ေလာ​ေလာဆယ္​

that - singular / faraway / past
that - တစ္​ခုကိန္​း / အ​ေဝး / အတိတ္​

these - plural / nearby / current
these - အမ်ားကိန္​း / အနီးအနား / ​ေလာ​ေလာဆယ္​

those - plural / far away / past
those - အမ်ားကိန္​း / အ​ေဝး / အတိတ္​

(this နဲ႔ that ဘာကြာလဲတို႔
these နဲ႔ those ဘာကြာလဲတို႔ ဆိုတာ​ေတြလဲ နားလည္​​ေလာက္​ပါၿပီ
direct speech က​ေန indirect speech ကို​ေျပာင္​းတဲ့အခါမွာလဲ
this ကို that, these ကို those ​ေျပာင္​းရတာ ဒါ​ေၾကာင္​့ပါ
speaker ​ေျပာတုန္​းက အနီးကပစၥည္​းကို​ေျပာ​ေပမယ္​့ တစ္​ဆင္​့ျပန္​​ေျပာ​ေတာ့ အနီးမွာမ႐ွိ​ေတာ့ဘူး​ေလ
ဒီလိုပဲ ​ေျပာတုန္​းက​ေတာ့ ​ေလာ​ေလာဆယ္​ပဲ တစ္​ဆင္​့ျပန္​​ေျပာ​​ေတာ့ အတိတ္​ျဖစ္​သြားတာကိုး)

က်န္​တဲ့သံုးမ​်ိဳးထဲမွာ none နဲ႔ such က singular ​ေရာ plural ​ေရာသံုးလို႔ရပါတယ္​
ဥပမာ-

None of this makes sense.
(None က singular ပါ . ဘာလိုလဲဆို​ေတာ့ this က singular ကိုး)

None of the people here seem to like the cake I made.
(ဒီမွာက် none က plural . People ကမ်ားတယ္​​ေလ)

Such is the way of life.
(the way of life က singular ဆို​ေတာ့ such လဲ singular)

Such are the rules.
(the rule က plural . ဒီ​ေတာ့ such လဲ plural)

(အခ်ိဳ႕ grammar စာအုပ္​​ေတြမွာ none က not one လို႔ယူဆၿပီး singular လို႔ပဲ​ေျပာတာ႐ွိပါတယ္​
အခ်ိဳ႕ကလဲ none က not any ဆိုၿပီး plural လို႔​ေျပာတယ္​)

​ေနာက္​ဆံုးတစ္​မ်ိဳး neither က​ေတာ့ singular ​ေလးပါပဲ
ဥပမာ-

Neither sounds good to me.
(sound မွာ s ထည္​့ရတယ္​)

I think neither of the twins wants a babysitter.
(twins ဆိုတဲ့ အမ်ားနဲ႔​ေပါင္​းသံုးလဲ neither ပါလို႔ singular ပဲယူဆၿပီး want မွာ s ထည္​့ရတယ္​)

Demonstractive pronouns vs. demonstractive adjectives and determiners

Demonstractive pronoun ​ေတြက demonstractive adjective အ​ေနနဲ႔ , determiner အ​​ေနနဲ႔လဲ သံုးလို႔ရပါတယ္​
ဥပမာ-

She wants to photograph this.
(Demonstractive pronoun)
She wants to photograph this painting.
(Demonstractive adjective)

That is one of my favorities.
(Demonstractive pronoun)
That book is one of my favorities.
(Demonstractive adjective)

These taste the best.
(Demonstractive pronoun)
These chocolates taste the best.
(Demonstractive adjective)

He wanted to to try those.
(Demonstractive pronoun)
He wanted to try those recipes.
(Demonstractive adjective)

Such is the man's poor choice.
(Demonstractive pronoun)
Such men make poor choices.
(Determiner)

Neither is mine.
(Demonstractive pronoun)
Neither locket is mine.
(Determiner)

None က​ေတာ့ demonstractive adjective အ​ေနနဲ႔သံုးလို႔မရပါဘူး
ဥပမာ-

I'll eat none. (မွန္​)
I'll eat none sandwiches. (မွား)

English Grammar အားနည္​းသူမ်ားအတြက္​

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Interrogative pronouns
===================
Interrogative pronoun ဆိုတာ အ​ေမးနာမ္​စားပါ
ဒီ​ေတာ့ interrogative pronoun ​ေတြကို interrogative sentence (​ေမးခြန္​းဝါက်​) ​ေတြမွာသံုးပါတယ္​
interrogative pronoun ​ေတြက subject ဒါမွမဟုတ္​ object ​ေတြအစားသံုးတယ္​
အဓိက interrogative pronoun ငါးမ်ိဳး႐ွိတယ္​
Who , Whom , Whose , Which , What

ဒီ interrogative pronoun ​ေတြကိုသံုးတဲ့ပံုစံ သံုးမ်ိဳး႐ွိမယ္​
1)Direct Question
2)Indirect Question
3)Reported Question

1)Direct Question

Direct question ​ေတြမွာ interrogative pronoun ​ေတြက ဒီ interrogative clause ​ရဲ႕ အစ မွာသံုးတယ္​
​အ​ေမးနာမ္​စားဆို​ေတာ့ ​ေမးတာ​ေပါ့
subject ဒါမွမဟုတ္​ object ကို​ေမးတယ္​
ဥပမာ-

1-Who is coming to the party tonight? (Subject)
2-Whom did you ask to fill in for Hla Hla?(object)
3-Whose is this computer?(subject)
4-So,which will it be:yellow or green?(object)
5-What do you expect me to do?(object)
(Whom ကိုသံုးတာက​ေတာ့ အခု modern English မွာ​ေတာ္​​ေတာ္​႐ွားလာပါၿပီ
ီ grammar သ​ေဘာတရားအရ whom က object , who က subject ဆို​ေပမယ္​့ who ကိုပဲ ႏွစ္​မ်ိဳးလံုးသံုးလာၾကတယ္​)

2)Indirect Question

Indirect question ​ေတြမွာက်​ေတာ့ interrogative pronoun ​ေတြကဝါက်ရဲ႕ အလယ္​​ေလာက္​မွာသံုးတယ္​
(Indirect question ​ေတြဆိုတာ ယဥ္​ယဥ္​​ေက်း​​ေက်းနဲ႔ ​ေမးတဲ့ ​ေမးခြန္​းဝါက်​ေတြ)
ဥပမာ-

1-Could you tell me whose these are?
2-Would you mind telling me which I'm supposed to bring?
3-Do you know what we're doing here?

တစ္​ခုခုသိခ်င္​တာကို အ​ေလး​ေပး​ေမးတဲ့အခါလဲ indirect question ​ေတြကိုသံုးတယ္​
ဥပမာ-

1-She wants who to come to the party?
2-You're going to do what in Magway?
3-He's going to ask whom out on a date?

ဒီဝါက်​ေတြမွာက် ဒီ interrogative pronoun ​ေတြကို emphasis လုပ္​ရတယ္​
ဆိုလိုတာက ဒီ who , what , whom ကိုဖိ​ရြတ္​သံနဲ႔​ေျပာရတယ္​
သိခ်င္​တာကို အ​ေလး​ေပး​ေျပာတာ

3)Reported Question

Reported question ဆိုတာ reported speech ပံုစံ​ေပါ့
႐ွင္​း​ေအာင္​​ေျပာရင္​ indirect speech ​ေတြပါ တစ္​ဆင္​့​ေျပာစကား​ေတြ​ေပါ့
ဒီ​ေတာ့ ​ေနာက္​မွာ question mark ​ထည္​့စရာမလိုဘူး
ဥပမာ-

1-She wants to know whose these are.
2-He wondered which is correct.
3-I asked you what we were supposed to do today.
4-She was wondering who would be coming tomorrow.
5-They asked whom to consult in the matter.

အျခား interrogative pronoun ​ေတြလဲ႐ွိတယ္​
ဥပမာ-

Whoever would believe such a story?
Whatever could I have done to make you so angry?
Whomever did you ask to accompany you?
Whichever will the gentleman choose,I wonded?

ဒါ​ေတြက modern English မွာမသံုးၾက​ေတာ့ပါဘူး
formal speech , formal writing ​ေတြမွာ​ေတာင္​မျမင္​ရ​ေတာ့ဘူး
Old English အသံုး​ေတြ​ေပါ့

ဒီ interrogative pronoun ​ေတြထဲက whose , which , what သံုးမ်ိဳးက interrogative adjective အ​ေနနဲ႔လဲ သံုးလို႔ရတယ္​
adjective ဆို​ေတာ့ noun ရဲ႕​ေ႐ွ႕မွာသံုးမယ္​
ဥပမာ-

What book is your favorite?
Which shirt should I wear?
Whose book is this on the table?
..

@bokaung