For Part 1 of this article and an introduction to enterprise Blockchains, follow this link.
Enterprise Blockchain Platforms
It is important to note that not all the enterprise solutions covered in this section are blockchains. A blockchain is actually a special kind of technology called distributed ledger technology (DLT). The primary idea behind DLT is that data is stored within a distributed ledger or what can be thought of as a distributed database. In a blockchain, the data in the ledger is entered as blocks of data. These blocks are linked together by storing some hashed data from the preceding block in the header of each subsequent block. In this way the data is stored as a linked chain of blocks, or a blockchain.
Key platforms for enterprises include:
As can be seen, enterprise blockchains typically have much higher throughput, lower latency, and often less complex consensus protocols than standard public blockchains like Bitcoin or Ethereum.
Shared elements of the enterprise blockchain platforms include:
Fabric provides a framework that includes:
Source: Hyperledger Project
Standard blockchain solutions use an Order-Execute paradigm whereby transactions can only proceed once a consensus mechanism has verified their order within a block and then agreed that the transactions are valid. As Fabric is typically deployed in a trusted environment (i.e. within a company, group of companies, or a consortium), the design has been changed to Execute-Order-Validate whereby transactions can proceed before consensus is reached. Following execution, consensus is used to order the transactions, validate them, and then write them to the ledger.
Fabric creates a high-performance environment by combining a number of different capabilities. First, transactions can execute before consensus which leads to a lower delay. Next, consensus is pluggable and can use faster Crash Fault Tolerant (CFT) or a range of Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT) protocols. Also, consensus only relies on a subset of nodes, which enables parallel processing. Finally, sets of transactions for a given smart contract do not need to be executed in a specific order.
The primary mechanism for privacy and permissioning is the creation of sub-channels. These sub-channels enable groups within a specific network to specify rules for transactions that are not seen by other members of the same network. So, for example, partners within a network might want to keep specific transactions with their customers confidential so that others within the network do not have access to pricing, business logic, or transaction frequency data.
Sub-channels are very useful and can enable a high-level of customization; however, feedback from the field has indicated that setup time for each sub-channel is very tedious and time-consuming and that many sub-channels are generally required for each partner. As a result, deployment times for Fabric can be long and implementations can be very expensive.
Key use cases can include reconciliation, settlement (especially cross-border), and payment within distributed environments such as in banking/finance, supply chains, and shipping. One example is given below:
Source: Hyperledger Project
Key pilot customers include (most of these are with IBM):
The primary modifications to Ethereum include:
For a private transaction, the identities of the transacting parties are specified in a PrivateFor parameter. Those parties not included in this parameter will only see hashed data that can only be decrypted with the private keys of the participating parties. As a result, transacting parties will be able to decrypt the information and so will execute the requisite smart contract (Contract Code). All other parties will not be able to decrypt the transaction information and so will skip the transaction.
An example of this processing is shown below:
Since Quorum operates in a trusted node environment, it can use a simpler consensus protocol than Ethereum which results in lower latency and faster transaction processing times (dozens to hundreds of transactions per second) when compared to Ethereum mainnet. At the same time, all upgrades to Ethereum are built in and so Quorum has the advantage of leveraging the very dynamic Ethereum developer ecosystem.
Key pilot customers include:
Though VechainThor was initially focused on supply chain management, it has broadened its applicability to work with many other enterprise scenarios. Other use cases include product authenticity and provenance, product certification, logistics, real-time monitoring, and digital passports.
VechainThor is a fork of Ethereum that uses solidity smart contracts, the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), and the Ethereum data store. Unlike most other platforms reviewed in this section, it does employ cryptocurrency in its solution and has 2 tokens. One token, VechainThor (VET), is an ERC-20 token that is actively traded on many cryptocurrency exchanges. A second token, Thor Power, is used internally to the platform to pay for all transaction fees and smart contract execution fees. To minimize volatility, Thor Power is set up as a stable coin that will use a burn and mint equilibrium model to minimize price variation.
Every VET token has the ability to generate Thor Power. By staking higher levels of VET, community members can qualify to run economic nodes that can generate higher levels of Thor Power. These economic nodes have the following tiers: VeThor X Node (6k VET), Strength Node (10k VET), Strength X Node (16k VET), Thunder Node (50k VET), Thunder X Node (56k VET), Mjolnir Node (150k VET), and Mjolnir X Node (156k VET).
The consensus nodes are known as Authority Nodes or Thrudheim Masternodes. These nodes are limited to 101 in total and have the highest level of Thor Power generation. They are permissioned by the foundation and require a commitment of 250k VET (approximately $1M at current prices).
VechainThor has many of the key features already highlighted by the other platforms (above) for a corporate environment, these include:
Interestingly, it is also a closed source project in which the Foundation controls the code which means that hard forks by a developer community are not possible.
Key partnerships, pilot projects, and deployments include:
WaltonChain: WaltonChain is similar to VeChainThor in that it has been optimized for supply chain management. The name of the blockchain is derived from the inventor of RFID, Charlie Walton. Like VeChainThor, WaltonChain uses proprietary RFID chips, is based on the Ethereum blockchain, uses an ERC-20 exchange token (WTC), and is headquartered in China. WaltonChain is partnered with Alibaba in the IoT Connectivity Alliance and has a number of large Chinese and European companies using its products.
OriginTrail: OriginTrail is a Slovenian company that originally developed its decentralized supply chain management platform for the food industry. It has pilot deployments in Europe, China, and the US. OriginTrail uses its Trace token and can aggregate data across multiple blockchains including Ethereum, IOTA, Hyperledger, and NEO. Rather than using proprietary RFID tags the platform synchronizes the supply chain by pulling data out of the ERP systems of the suppliers.
Unique features of Corda include: Ricardian smart contracts that include legal prose as well as code, smart contracts are written in Java or Kotlin (variant of Scala), each node writes data to a vault that tracks all data in UTXO format (like Bitcoin), and consensus is carried out by notaries that check for both validity and uniqueness.
An overview of the node architecture is shown below:
Key pilot and deployment customers include:
Source: Digital Asset
In the financial system most participants have only partial information about transactions and sit atop siloed data stores. Transaction processing (ie stock trades, loan processing, etc.) generally takes days as each of the parties in a transaction goes through a process of reconciliation to agree on what has taken place. Digital Asset provides a DLT which creates an immutable record of truth so that reconciliation becomes unnecessary and transaction processing becomes faster and less costly.
An important part of the Digital Asset platform is its Digital Asset Modeling Language (DAML). This is a specialist language for financial industry smart contract development that enables business analysts, rather than developers, to create the smart contracts for the system. These smart contracts run permissioned and private so that only the parties involved in the transaction carry out consensus.
Key customers, investors, and partners include: Australia Stock Exchange (ASX), ABN Amro, Accenture, BNP Paribas, Citi, Goldman Sachs, IBM, and JP Morgan.
One of the major customers for Hedera Hashgraph is a consortium of 13 credit unions known as CULedger. This consortium is building a DLT solution for cross-border payments. Other customers include Machine Zone (a large video games developer), Satori, Invita Health, and Artbit.
Acknowledgements: Thanks to Radhika Iyengar-Emens, my colleague at DoubleNova Group, for her contributions.
