Water, a transparent liquid without taste, smell or color, existing on earth In its various physical states: solid, liquid and Gaseous. Credit
Water is used in all areas of life and is essential for living. We use it to drink, to clean, to industry, to cook, to shower, to irrigate farmland, and to produce electricity (We will address the uses in detail in this post). As the population of the Earth increases, our need for water increases more than ever. And is still the nerve of life, even throughout history Water has always been the origin of civilization, the cradle of growth and prosperity, where human communities have flourished and flourished close to water sources, and their lives and growth have been constantly accompanied by water availability. Civilizations have been formed near rivers and freshwater basins that bring prosperity to life.
Although water accounts for 70 percent of the earth's surface (present in seas, oceans, rivers, and underground), only 3 percent for this big quantity is fresh and Drinkable directly Without processing.
97 percent of the earth's water is in the oceans and is often brackish. Chemical methods must be used to make this water drinkable, as these are often expensive and some countries can not afford(We will address in detail the methods of water treatment).
Knowing informations about water and choosing the right type for our different needs is essential for a healthy life The water used for the detergent industry is not the same as the water you drink. In this article, we will define the water as a scientific definition and we will also identify different types of water that differ according to the different sources and components.
Water and climate: Credit
The water in the oceans contributes to the stability of the climate on Earth, where the land absorbs the heat of the sun and releases it quickly as the ocean absorbs the heat of the sun and releases it slowly, so that the breeze coming from the sea brings warmth to the land in winter and cold in summer.
Does the drought mean that the water of the earth is decreasing?
The quantities of water on the ground these days are the same as those that existed in the past and will remain and remain for the future. And every drop of water we use will find its way into the oceans, and there will evaporate by the heat of the sun, then come back and fall on the ground again in the form of rain. Thus, water is used and then re-used several times and can not be finished or decrease. Credit
. Some areas suffer from water shortages; rain falls evenly over different parts of the earth. Some areas are always very dry while others are very rainy.
A droughts can suddenly occur in an area that is usually rainy enough, and the flood can sweep another area after heavy rain.
Some areas suffer water shortages because of inadequate management of their water resources.
Pure water and mineral water : Credit
Pure water has no taste, color or odor and is used in the pharmaceutical and food industry and has persistent chemical properties, but the water we drink is rich in mineral salts and organic matter.
1- Physical and chemical properties of pure (distilled) water :
. chemical formula: H2O
. the solution is neutral, and its pH is 7.
. Molar mass: 18.01528(33) g/mol.
. Density: 0.9970474 g/mL at 25 °C (liquid) ,0.9167 g/ml at 0 °C (solid)
. Freezing point: 0.00 °C (32.00 °F; 273.15 K), (Stable during freezing).
. Boiling point: 99.98 °C (211.96 °F; 373.13 K) (stable during boiling until all the water evaporates).
. Vapor pressure: 3.1690 kilopascals.
. Thermal conductivity: 0.6065 W/m·K
. Viscosity: 0.890 cP.
. Crystal structure: hexagonal.
1.A- The structure of water molecule:
. A molecule of water is composed of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. Credit
the water molecule is a polar molecule, the polarity is a characteristic describing the distribution of negative and positive charges in a dipole. The polarity of a bond or a molecule is due to the difference in electronegativity between the chemical elements that compose it, the differences in charge that it induces, and to their distribution in space. The more the charges are distributed asymmetrically, the more a bond or molecule will be polar. Credit
The water polarity makes it polarize and react quickly with other chemical compounds. The water molecule is one of the most polar elements. This makes it a good cleaner,cause When you clean something with water you practically pick it up through the polarity of the water compound with the compound you clean; there are non-polarity compounds that can not be affected by water, such as fatty substances, so it feels like water does not clean it.
Water is a very good solvent, which means that it is possible to dissolve a lot of salts and substances in water. Water in nature is not 100% pure due to the presence of salts and gazes in the water found in nature. In order to dissolve a substance in water, it must contain free ions, or be polarized (because "the example dissolves similarly" and water is a polarizing material for this reason water is a good solvent for the material). Credit
1.B- Electrical conductivity of distilled water:
The electric current corresponds to the movement inside a conductor of generally negative charges called electrons, Since distilled water does not contain any impurities, it is unable to connect electricity because water molecules can not exchange electrons.
Salt water is considered a conductor of electricity because it contains ions.
Tap water, although it does not taste her salty, can also connect electricity because it is not pure. Water from the kitchen sink often contains traces of minerals such as calcium, CA2 +, magnesium, MG2 + and can help connect electricity. Credit
Typical water conductivity:
Pure water: 5.5 · 10-6 S/m.
Potable water: 0.005 – 0.05 S/m.
Sea water: 5 S/m.
Can oxygen gas be extracted from water? : Electrolysis of water
Electrolysis is the decomposition of a chemical element under the effect of an electric current; Water electrolysis is a chemical transformation of H2O molecules separated into its constituents O2 and hydrogen by passing an electric current. Credit
Distilled Water Uses:
Since the water molecule is polarized it is a good solvent and therefore used in many fields:
. Pharmaceutical Industries: Credit
Distilled, sterilized water is water distilled from ordinary water, where the first distilled water is taken and placed in the sterilizer, this one is used for pharmaceutical Industries; and it It should only be prepared from water that is perfectly good for drinking and not contaminated.
. Distilled water for automobiles: Credit
Distilled water is used for a coolant system for automobiles. Tap water contains minerals that is corrosive to the metal components found in the engine. Since distilled water is clear of these particles, it is safe to use in cooling down engines and cleaning.
Distilled water for laboratory use: Credit
Scientific studies need accurate results, which is why we use distilled water in the laboratory, because it does not contain other substances that will enter the reaction.
Distilled water for making soap: Credit
Distilled water is perfect for making soaps because it has no chemicals that might only decrease the effectivity of the soap.
Distilled water for washing your hair: Credit
Tap water contains:
Minerals: commonly magnesium and calcium
Chemicals: usually chlorine and chloramine
All these are not good for your hair.
Distilled water for canning produce: Credit
Distilled water is the best water to use in canning fruits and vegetables.
Distilled water for cosmetic products: Credit
these products are to be used on the skin for beauty and care. Therefore, distilled water is the safest water to use because it is guaranteed to be absolutely free of anything that might cause skin irritation.
Paper Industry: Credit
About 144,000 liters of water are needed to make one metric ton of paper.
Oil refining: Credit
Approximately 10 liters of water is used to refine one liter of oil
The industry uses water in several ways. It uses it to clean fruits and vegetables before they are packaged or frozen. A basic ingredient is used in soft drinks, canned foods and many other products, air conditioning and factory cleaning. But most of the wastewater in the industry is used for cooling operations. For example, water cooled the steam used to produce electricity from burning fuel and cooled hot gases from oil refining. Hot steels are cooled in steel plants.
The importance of dam water in the production of electric power: Credit
Hydropower is used in many water-rich countries to generate electricity, depending on water pressure, which consists of the difference between the height of the water surface and its downstream.
Is rain water drinkable?: Credit
As mentioned previously, the distilled water is polarized and easily absorbs some components. Due to the great atmospheric pollution that our world has become, it is not advisable to drink rain water because during its fall from the sky it will carry a lot of harmful substances.
Distilled water, harmful or beneficial to the human body?
Distilled water does not contain miral salts that body needs, Moreover, it is free from impurities, which makes it polarized for some pollutants, so consider the ways of transporting and keep this pure water well if we want to drink it, but always drinking it under certain conditions so as not to be harmful:
Sterilize distilled water before consumption immediately.
Do not drink more than a few glasses a day, because distilled water can cause imbalance of mineral salts in the body by attracting of these salts.
There is no harm if you drink distilled water while you eat food mixed with food salts and enter the body like any other mineral water.
Do not drink distilled water on an empty stomach.
Consumption of distilled water frequently and continuously can lead to death.
. I know some of you wonder, why should i drink distilled water and take those risks? Credit In any case, doctors warn against drinking distilled water, contrary to what is promoted by the sellers of small distillation devices that distilled water helps the body to get rid of toxins and remove them from the body because of its characteristic of polarization.
DRINKABLE WATER:
natural mineral water: Credit
natural mineral water is defined above all by its original purity and the stability of its composition, a natural mineral water can only be of underground origin, and be sheltered from any risk of pollution. Microbiologically healthy from the beginning.
natural mineral waters have a stable physicochemical composition, which can enable them to be recognized as having properties favorable to human health.
water supply: Credit
the water of adduction may consist of surface water taken from lakes, rivers, reservoirs, ect. but they can also be under terraines (boreholes or natural emergence), or constituted by a mixture of the two origins.
the water of supply is mainly treated before reaching the tap of the consumer, these chemical or microbiological treatments make it possible to guarantee a safe water meeting the standards of public health.
. Stages of drinking water treatment:
Primary treatment: Collecting and screening including if required pumping from rivers and initial storage
Secondary treatment: removal of fine solids and the majority of contaminants using filters, coagulation, flocculation and membranes.
Tertiary treatment: polishing, pH adjustment, carbon treatment to remove taste and smells, disinfection, and temporary storage to allow the disinfecting agent to work. Here disinfection is most important.
Spring water: Credit
Like natural mineral water, spring water is exclusively of underground origin, protected from pollution, and suitable for human consumption without treatment. however, their composition is not systematically stable. thus, unlike natural mineral waters that can be used for thermal purposes, spring water has no therapeutic benefits.
Due to the importance of water and its lack in some countries, the start of water wars began to appear under other covers In a recent report warned a former Secretary of the United Nations that the coming wars will be because of water Credit
A World Bank report on development says water shortages threaten 80 countries, 40 percent of the world's population, more than 2 billion people are suffering from basic human needs and the most basic public health rules. Credit
Governments around the world have recognized the potential of water infrastructure to complement other economic and social policies, including those aimed at improving health outcomes. It is no coincidence that one of the world's largest lending portfolios includes investments of $ 35 billion in water projects.
