Valence Electrons The electrons in the outermost orbit of an atom are known as valence electrons. An electron in one of the outer shells of an atom that can participate in forming chemical bonds with other

Working Principal The physical basis of a transformer is mutual inductance between two circuits linked by a common magnetic flux. In it simplest form, it consists of two inductive coils which are electrically

Problem Wheel 𝑨 has 𝟑𝟎 teeth and wheel 𝑩 has 𝟏𝟎𝟎 teeth. How many revolutions will wheel 𝑩 give if wheel 𝑨 gives 𝟓 revolutions? Solution In 5 revolutions, wheel A will pass 5×30=150 teeth. B also

Electric Voltage Voltage, potential difference, is the energy required to move a unit charge through an element, measured in volts (V). Basic Concept To move the electron in a conductor in a particular

Transformer A transformer is a static piece of apparatus by the means of which electric power in one circuit is transferred into electric power of the same frequency in another circuit. Classification

Electrionics The branch of engineering which deals with current conduction through a vacuum or gas or semiconductor is known as Electronics. Electronics Engineering involves analysis and design of devices

Problem The circular disc of radius 𝟓𝒎 is divided into 7 equal parts and colored in the sequence "𝑽𝑰𝑩𝑮𝒀𝑶𝑹". What is the minimum velocity at which it will seem white to a human? (Persistence of

Electric Current Electric current is the time rate of change of charge, measured in amperes (A). Mathematically, the relationship between current i, charge q, and time t is i=dq/dt Basic Concept Consider

Electric Charge Electric charge is a property which determines the electromagnetic interaction of subatomic particles, denoted by (q), measured in coulombs (C). Subatomic Particles Subatomic particles

Electric Circuit : An electric circuit is an interconnection of electrical elements. A simple electric circuit is shown in following figure. It consists of four elements: a battery, a lightbulb, a switch

In one minute one million plastic bags are in use around the world and in Europe plas-tic carrier bags are produced 3.4 million tons in a year and average European uses about 500 plastic bags per year