Civilization means the group of scientific, literary, artistic, and social aspects of a particular society. These manifestations may be similar in societies.
In his book The Philosophy of Civilization, Albert Asfitzer defined civilization as a spiritual and material progression to society and individuals. For an integrated life system characterized by its physical and moral manifestations.
The oldest civilization in history
The oldest civilization in history is Mesopotamia, one of the ancient Near East civilizations. This civilization originated in the late 4th millennium BC around the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, the largest rivers in Iraq. The presence of the two rivers greatly contributed to the development of Mesopotamia, especially in agriculture, and to the stability of the people at that time. Transportation through the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, and used tar to paint their homes and paint their boats to protect them from water intrusion. In the city of Ur, the Sumerians invented a distinctive method in the flesh of gold sheets. The Kingdoms of the Sumerians, the Acadians, the Assyrians, and the Babylonians emerged from their kingdoms. Their kings were the Babylonian King Hammurabi, who was distinguished by his legislation, King Ashur Panipal of Assyria and King Sargon of Akkadian.
Sumerian civilization :
The history of the Sumerian civilization dates back to the fourth millennium BC, but the place they came from is unknown, although some scholars and scientists believe that Sumerian origin is the mountainous region in northern and eastern Iraq. The Sumerians settled on the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Their capital was the city of Sumer. The period in which the Sumerian civilization settled was the period of agricultural stability of Mesopotamia.
Akkadian civilization :
Acadians came from the Arabian Peninsula in the early third millennium BC or shortly before this period. The Acadians and the Sumerians are believed to have lived side by side. The Acadians ruled King Sargon Akkadian, who lasted fifty-five years. During his rule, he worked on major reforms in the army and in the state system, and the architecture of his era reached advanced stages. One of the most important Akkadian kings was King Neram Sen, whose rule lasted nearly 40 years.
Babel Civilization :
The founder of Babylonian civilization is King Hammurabi, who has the most famous legislation in humanitarian law. The civilization extended from the Arabian Gulf to the Upper Euphrates, from the Syrian desert to the Zagros Mountains, and in 1901 the Hammurabi obelisk was carved in Akkadian and translated into many languages , And is now found in the Louvre. The various communities in the Babylonian civilization were united during the reign of King Hammurabi through his legislation and laws, which are the most important reference to the laws in Mesopotamia.
Assyrian civilization :
Assyria, located on the banks of the Tigris River, was the capital of the Assyrian kingdom, located in the north of Mesopotamia since 2500 BC. The reign of the Assyrian kingdom was punishable by many kings, most notably King Ashur Nasir Bal II, who transferred the Assyrian capital to the entire city of northern Iraq, now called Nimrod. Iraqi archaeologists have found a collection of Assyrian artifacts, He was found in a tomb and was decorated with a triangular leaf of grapes hanging from grape clusters. The Assyrian Empire fell in 612 BC, and its cities were destroyed.
