Yes, I had a few friends sleeping in metro stations and large public shelters or leaving Tel Aviv to stay in another place that had its own shelter.
It was really hard for them doing this for 5 weeks. I can't imagine doing it long term.

In Tel Aviv many of the buildings in expensive areas are old and don't have in-apartment shelters. It has only been required since 1991.
There was even a comedy skit on Israeli TV about the two-class society (those with shelters and those without) which was often the opposite of actual wealth.

Most pre-1991 buildings have shelters in the basement but some older buildings have nothing.

We are lucky to live in a large quite new complex with one of the apartment's rooms being a shelter.