The Dunning-Kruger Effect and Epistemic Arrogance: this psychological phenomenon suggests that people with less knowledge in a particular area tend to overestimate their own ability, whilst experts tend to be more cautious.

True wisdom is not manifested in absolute certainty, but in epistemic humility (recognising the limits of what we know).

Projection Bias and the ‘Blind Spot’: psychology explains that we often project our own insecurities or flaws onto others.

In doing so, we are engaging in the same herd behaviour, only the herd is smaller or different.

Social Identity Theory (Henri Tajfel): this theory explains how human beings divide the world into ‘us’ (the in-group) and ‘them’ (the out-group).

To strengthen the sense of belonging and superiority within one’s own group, the out-group is dehumanised or ridiculed.

Karl Popper’s Criterion of Falsifiability: Popper argued that for an idea to be scientific or rational, it must be open to questioning or refutation.

When someone insists that their view is an ‘infallible truth’, they are entering the realm of dogmatism or sectarian thinking.

The Paradox of ‘Conformist Non-Conformism’: sociologically, it is observed that many people, in their eagerness not to be ‘like everyone else’, end up imitating patterns of behaviour and language from groups that define themselves as ‘rebels’ or ‘anti-establishment’.

For all these reasons, my motto is: it’s better to have peace than to be right.