As a kid, I was fascinated by the workings of the bicycle and I didn’t waste the opportunity of learning to ride one but my father’s bicycle was a no-go area for me. One thing was very special about his bicycle, he can use it during the night with the help of a tiny cylindrical device attached below the carrier of the bicycle. I always wanted to know how that device worked and as a very curious kid-scientist, I decided to go close.
Credit: wikimedia creative commons CCO. Author: flickr
The day he stepped out, I went to his garage and the first thing I located was the switch to the bulb and when I did, I toggled it on. I rode the bicycle around the garage and I realized that the light from the bulb shined more as I rode faster. I decided to operate the dynamo at standstill by elevating the rear tire and with the help of my hand and the pedals, I rotated the tires at a very high speed and the bulb produced even more light. I continued this way till the bulb could not produce light even at any speed.I decided to do a little troubleshooting but in the process of carrying this out, I got the worst electric shock of my life. Well, I packed the bicycle just the way he left it, lol.
As I advanced academically, I decided to learn more about this little device that nearly electrocuted me to death and produced light whose intensity was proportional to its speed of rotation. I took it upon myself to learn everything I could about this cute little device and if I am to put the result of my research then in a sentence I'd say the whole setup was based on the principle of electromagnetic induction and that all electrical motors (not just my daddy's little device) were based on this principle. There was more; the first dynamo was set up by Michael Faraday and was called the Faraday disk or the homopolar generator.
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The Faraday disk is the simplest dynamo which according to him was based on the principle of electromagnetic induction (though I don’t think he was totally correct with this initial statement). The setup consists of an electrically conductive disk placed in between a pair of a magnet and held in place by two metallic projections wherein a handle was fastened along with the metallic disk.
When we turn this handle, an electric current is generated and runs from the circumference of the disk to the central axis. Two connections are made at this central axis and are terminated at the base where all the setup are fastened to. These terminations are labelled plus (B) and minus(B'), this indicates that the resulting current, the current induced in the metallic plate is a direct current.
For us to understand the working principle of the homophobic generator and ultimately, the dynamo, we need to understand the behavior of electricity. We are familiar with the behavior of forces occurring between electric charges and this is where one of the popular sayings emanated; unlike charges attract while like charges doesn’t and these forces act along the line which is between these charges. Magnetism behaves in this manner; force exists between charges the only addition is that these forces only exists when charges are in motion.
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It was possible to separate the positive part of the electric charge (B) in the disk because positive charge existing in the two magnetic plates experiences forces that are at right angle to the direction of both the disk’s movement and the magnetic field. With this, we can say that there exist two possible directions but the more correct option is specified by the Fleming’s right-hand rule (pictured left).
The Fleming’s right hand rule states that when you point your right index finger along the direction of velocity of the rotating part (the disk in this case) and your middle finger along the direction of the magnetic field (this can be determined experimentally), the electric field on the plate points along the direction of your thumb.
With all these directions in mind, we experience the strongest electric force when both the magnetic field and velocity of the system are perpendicular and we experience the weakest electric force when magnetic field is parallel to the velocity of the disk’s rotation.
The principle of the dynamo is based on the process of production of voltage or an electromotive force in an electrically conductive medium (a conductor) in a varying magnetic field. This was discovered as result of Faraday’s experiment back in early 1831. Though this was not accepted in the science community then because the principle of induction was not backed by any mathematical law. Around the same period, James Clerk, a Scottish scientist put up a mathematical law for the electromagnetic induction.
credit: wikimedia creative commons CCO license. author: Eviatar Bach
In his experiment, Faraday wound two wires in the opposite direction around an iron ring (shown above). He did this expecting to experience a sort of electrical wave traveling along this ring which would offset some electrical balance on the other side of the ring. To observe this, he connected the two ends of the wire at the opposite end to the input of a galvanometer and watched the handle of the galvanometer as he completes the battery circuit at the other end of the ring. He experienced two transient currents, one when he connects the battery and the other when he disconnects the battery. This current at the other end of the ring was induced from the battery end of the magnetic circuit and occurred due to the variation in the magnetic flux that occurred during the connection and disconnection of the battery.
Thing got more interesting from there as he tried other experiments like solenoid experiment where he detected little current from both terminals of a solenoid when he passed a bar magnet quickly through the solenoid. As stated earlier, this idea was not accepted due to mathematical backings then but James Maxwell developed a model which he expressed the variation of the electromagnetic induction with respect to time as a differential relationship. This was called Faraday’s law by Oliver Heaviside, an English electrical engineer.
Mathematically, the Faraday's law of induction is shown below as a surface integral. Where ΦB is the magnetic flux existing within the enclosure of a conductor loop (like the hollow of the solenoid) while B is the magnetic field and dA is a fraction of this enclosed loop.
Putting the above formula in plain English, the law of induction states that magnetic flux in a wire loop is directly proportional to the amount of magnetic flux lines through this loop and a change in the surface of this loop creates an electromotive force on the loop.
A dynamo is generator which uses a commutator to produce direct currents. A generator is any device which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy for use in another circuit which makes the dynamo an electrical motor and vice versa.
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As stated earlier, the dynamo works as a result of the relationship between the magnetic field of a rotating coil and the magnetic field of a stationary stator. When the north end of the armature is attracted to the south end of the stator (unlike charges), a force is induced on the armature which makes it to rotate.
Hence, commutation is referred to the process of switching the fields in the armature coil to produce constant turning force in a specified direction and the commutator is the device in the armature which performs this switching.
The voltage induced in the armature due to its movement in the magnetic field is constantly alternating and the commutator changes this to direct current, hence it is safe to call the commutator an electrical switch and without the commutator would rotate linearly (180 degrees) and then change direction.
All electrical motors and generators are based on the same principle as the dynamo. The dynamo generates a direct current with the help of the commutator which toggles the armature winding on and off and by so doing, regulate the direction in which electromagnetic fields are headed. The Faraday's disk is the first attempt to build the dynamo and is still available commercially for experimental purposes only as the disk can only generate few milliwatts of electrical power.
