The rays of light coming from the distant ground object upwards, while bending down and falling at an angle from above to the observer's eye, so that the observer sees the object raised and turned upside down.
At the same time, rays propagating along the shortest direction from the object to the observer give a normal image of the object. Sometimes an object (for example, a ship) is under the horizon, and only its inverted image, created by anomalous rays, is visible.
The lower mirage is associated with a strong overheating of the surface air layer (for example, in deserts). Light rays from a high object are bent in the surface layer so that the trajectory of the beam acquires a bulge downward. Therefore, in the eye of the observer, the rays from the surface layer fall from below, creating under its normal image an inverted image, similar to a reflection in water. Sometimes there is a lateral mirage, that is, the appearance of two adjacent images of the object. Complex forms of a mirage with several distorted and oscillating images are called fata morgana.
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