Emotional experience can vary from person to person. There are many influencers on what emotion ends up being, and basic emotions even combine to form more complex emotions. The study of emotions is not new. Most theories agree that there are 7 to 10 basic emotions. There is agreement, though, that joy, or happiness, o enjoyment is considered to be among the basic emotions. The configuration of emotions can include both positive and negative emotions at the same time! So when one is in awe, according to Robert Plutchick (1980), one may feel both surprise, deemed positive, and fear, deemed negative. Many feel this way during religious experiences, which only shows that ignorance towards negative emotions can not only be flawed, but even damaging.
Research considers positive and negative emotions to be (mostly) independent from each other. This means that having more negative emotions does not impact positive emotions, and having more positive emotions does not impact negative emotions. This conclusion is significant because it allows us to consider that 1) interventions for positivity will not impact negativity, 2) that increases in negativity do not entail decreases in positivity, and 3) it explains why some people can be so darn cheery without ever feeling down, and vice versa.
According to James Russel and Feldman Barrett, research shows that people may have core affects, affects describing the subjective experience of emotion. This means that there are consistently experienced, often unacknowledged emotions that operate on a nearly unconscious level. Research supports the unconscious description of core affects. These core affects can, reasonably, affect how people percieve the world and their own emotional experiences. This, in turn, impacts how emotional experiences can be interpreted.
There are many influencing factors on how emotion comes to be experienced. Namely, biology, behavior, and social and cultural factors influence the experience of emotion. Presented below will be a brief overview of biology, behavior, and social and cultural factors and how they influence behavior.
Research shows that at least some pleasurable experiences are affected by neurotransmitters. Dopamine has been implicated in happiness, and endorphins have been implicated in the increase of pleasure and decrease of pain. Interestingly, the brain also produces its own tetrahydrocannabinol-like chemicals. Tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC, is the main psychoactive component in marijuana.
According to Tellegen, Lykken, Bouchard, Wilcox, & Rich (1988) and Lykken and Tellegen (1996), genes play an important role in emotionality. A twin study by the former group found that up to 40% of variability in positive emotionality was explained by heredity, or the genetic make-up of a person, formed by parentage. Up to 55% of variability in negative emotionality was explained by heredit in the same study. Additionally, shared family environment only accounted for 22% of positive emotionality and a shockingly low 2% of negative emotionality. The latter group of researchers found that up to 80% of long-term well-being was accounted for by heredity.
The happiness set point is another concept relating to happiness that is defined by genetics. According to research, most people return to an average level of happiness after swinging either high or low in positive emotionality. This set point is associated with genetics.
This begs the question, does genetic make-up in fact determine how happy and well off someone can be in life? The answer is a resounding no. The environment, although playing a lesser role than genetics, can be modified and interacted with in a way that improves positive emotionality. Also, longitudinal data suggests that one in four people imoprove on ratings of well-being over time, often dramatically. Life satisfaction has also been shown to increase over time. There is also evidence that it is possible to move the happiness set point.
Cognitive behavioral therapy, or CBT, has been credited as successful in part because of the way thinking styles are modified to change the way peoeple think. These interventions include modifying how we think about others, how we think about our future, and how we think about ourselves. Additionally, learned optimism is the process of unlearning negative thinking styles and replacing them with optimistic thinking styles. More information on hope and optimism can be found here.
It may be difficult to see how some behaviors can influence our overall happiness. It poses an orientational question regarding many different subjects such as addiction: is one thinking about their addiction, and that is why they indulge, or is one simply acting based on behavioral principles? Avoidant behavior can fall into this category of thought, as well. Avoiding expressing of emotions, and thereby the repression of those emotions, can often lead to the emotions worsening. Most research in this area focuses on what can be done to increase satisfaction through behavior.
Character can be defined as how we conduct ourselves as members of society, and often subsumes virtues and strengths. Virtues, as defined by Cheryl Crumpler (2000), are defined as acquired excellences in character traits, the posession of which contributes to a person's completeness or wholeness. Virtues represent ideal states that facilitate adaption to life. Sandage and Hill (2001) state that virtue integrates ethics and health, are embodies traits of character, sources of human strengths, are embedded within a cultural context and community, and are grounded in the cognitive capacity for wisdom.
Top achievers use their strengths to achieve in business, and organizations that tend to develop strengths as opposed to weaknesses tend to perform better. As the addage goes, "focus on your strengths, manage your weaknesses." Positive psychology takes this approach as well, using an emphasis on strengths as opposed to weaknesses to develop happiness. Tests like StrengthsFinder and Values (Virtues) in Action allow one to find strengths and thereby enable a possibility of further personal development. Strengths such as love, zest, curiositym and gratitude are significantly related to life-satisfaction. But again, remember that different cultures may place different emphases on which strengths are important, so results may change based on where one lives. Using strengths to increase happiness is significant and has lasting effects, particularly when applied in new and different ways in life. Remedying of weaknesses can also be important, but it is important to continually apply positivity as to not become inundated in or fixated on the weakness.
More on values in action, often termed virtues in action can be found here. More on strengths can be found here.
It is important to note the differences between emotion, affect, and moods. Affects are the subjective experience of emotions, and moods are more diffuse, global, and pervasive than emotions. The analogy that affect is to mood, as weather is to the season may be an accurateone. Emotions and moods affect just about any psychological process. Positive emotionality can impact greater well-being, romantic relationships by making them better, displays of altruism and generosity by increasing their frequency, careers by making them more successful, creativity through its promotion, and health through its betterment.
Emotionality has a huge role in psychology. It is important to note that there are various behavioral and cognitive interventions in increasing happiness, and those posited today have been supported by research. Articles that suggest happiness fixes are pervasive, and though they may have valid points on how to become happy, it has been shown that some interventions are greater than others (focusing on strengths vs. focusing on weaknesses). In a world that seems to be enshrouded in negativity and pessimism, the author, personally, will take all the positivity he can get.
