Most of this type of arrangement is temporary, as the life of the other LEDs is finite. I would replace the ENTIRE strip, there are better quality ones on the market, the problem lies in the price of the lamp, which is very cheap because it is a third party product imported from China. Recommendation, buy lamps whose sources have an operating range between (85-260)VAC.
The SMD resistor that you indicate is Smd 1206 1/4w 1% usually burns out due to misuse of the instrument.