A casual lecture against abuse and abusers 101. (please take a seat in the first row)
I notice that most people tend to be too soft and diplomatic dealing with bullies and abusers. But I still believe and I'm convinced that getting to the point straight and bluntly without rodeos in a more direct and transparent way forcefully is always a much more effective medicine and cure against abuse.
«-The 'Logic' Behind This Post-»
Following the same strategy of my previous post on this subject where I used part of an old story I wrote on a post long time ago to illustrate clearly the case. This time I'm gonna do exactly the same thing with other post I wrote on December 12 2019.
Therefore, our reason always strongly inclines us to think that nothing in this world occurs simply "because", but that rather it must have some sort of 'logical' explanation. And this philosophical treatise today will try to shed even more light to this 'anatomical' conundrum about certain specimens and their beliefs & behavior in our tokenized blockchain ecosystem. ¡Now, just pay close attention please!
"God and the existence of evil"
¡Beware Of Faith!
«-The Problem Of Evil-»
"Philosophical Approach"
¿Logical, Inductive or Abductive?
We can classify the formulations of the 'Problem Of Evil' in several large groups or "families" of arguments. The first big classification that must be done, is to distinguish between logical formulations and evidential formulations. Logical formulations insist that the existence of evil is logically incompatible with the existence of God, so that its existence is absolutely impossible.
On the other hand, those who defend an evidential formulation (whether inductive or abductive) believe that the existence of evil and suffering in the world do not make it absolutely impossible for God to exist, but they make their existence improbable. Let's look more closely at each group:
- Logical Formulations:
The logical formulations of the Problem of Evil insist that there is a logical contradiction between the existence of evil and the existence of God. Consequently, since Evil exists in an evident way, for most of these thinkers the existence of God is discarded by the laws of logic so that it is completely impossible for a good God to exist.
One of the first to formulate the problem of evil from this perspective of logical incompatibility, was the famous Greek philosopher Epicurus who expressed himself in the following way:
Later, philosophers have elaborated this idea in a much more rigorous way. A good example is found in the writings of the Australian philosopher John Leslie Mackie, who in his essay "Evil and Omnipotence" argued that it is logically impossible to hold these three propositions together:
- 1.- God is Omnipotent.
- 2.- God is wholly good.
- 3.- Evil exists.
Mackie argues that the faith of the believer forces him to sustain these three propositions simultaneously, but it is only logically possible to only sustain two of them at the same time. In this way, the faith of the believer forces him to hold a belief that is demonstrably irrational and absurd.
The only possible rational alternatives to atheism for Mackie would be, consequently, to believe in an impotent god or worse, in a sadistic god.
Inductive Formulations:
An inductive formulation of the problem of evil consists in saying that the existence of evil or concrete evils diminishes per se the probability that God exists. Just to give an example, consider the next arguments:1.- There are probably "unjustified evils" in the world that are defined as events that produce great evil and:
They do not produce any good that overcomes that evil, or,
They produce a good that, although it is superior to the evil caused, could be obtained by causing a lesser evil.
- 2.- If God exists, then he is morally perfect and has sufficient power and knowledge to prevent any event.
- 3.- A morally perfect being would prevent unjustified evils.
- 4.- Consequently, if God exists, he would prevent unjustified evils.
- 5.= Consequently, if God exists, there would be no unjustified evils.
- 6.- Conclusion: Probably God does not exist!!
William Leonard Rowe, well-known American philosopher, suggests two examples: A sylvan animal which, after being wounded in a forest fire, dies for days alone in the forest before dying and a girl who is tortured, raped and murdered in secret.
Rowe asks: What kind of good can come out of events like these? And, if any good is born of them, was there really no better way to obtain that good? Not even for an omnipotent being?
Rowe does not claim that this is impossible, but it seems unlikely that in the face of the huge number of events that at first sight appear to be unjustified wrongs. An omnipotent and benevolent God can exist. Indeed, Rowe does not "prove" that God does not exist, but places the believer in the uncomfortable position of absolutely have to deny the existence of unjustified evils.
In other words, according to Rowe, the believer actually should commit to believing that each and every one of the bad events that have occurred in our universe have: 1) Produced a good that overcame the evil caused and 2) There was no better way to produce that good.
- Abductive Formulations:
Abductive formulations resemble inductive formulations in that both pose the problem from a probabilistic perspective. However, they differ in that abductive formulations do not consider probabilities in isolation, but in the context of alternative hypotheses.
In effect, the inductive formulations resemble the logical formulations in that they focus on an apparent incompatibility between evil and the existence of God. However, abductive formulas admit the possibility of compatibility, but indicate that this is less likely than an alternative theory.
For example, Paul Draper, another American philosopher, expanding a reasoning found in the writings of David Hume, formulates the problem of evil as a competition between these two incompatible hypotheses:
- Hypothesis 1: The universe is governed by an almighty Being who loves its inhabitants.
And... - Hypothesis 2: The universe is only governed by natural laws indifferent to the suffering of its inhabitants.
Draper concludes that Hypothesis 2 is a much better explanation than Hypothesis 1, so we should believe in it without much resistance.
The abductive arguments are particularly powerful. Because to simply contradict them, it's not enough merely to make the existence of evil compatible with the existence of God, but the believer must argue that the existence of God explains the configuration of the world. Including the existence of evil as a more satisfactory way than an alternative hypothesis.
"The Other Side"
We can classify this type of defensive arguments in three categories:
- Refutations, Defenses and Theodicy:
On the opposite side, as you can imagine, believing thinkers have not resigned themselves to the attacks of atheism, but have devised ways to defend the existence of God in light of the Problem of Evil.
The defenses offered in these environments have been several. And here, I'm gonna present a very brief exposition of those that have been the most influential and most used in apologetic discourses. This with the intention of dedicating to each one a separate entry later.
- Refutations:
By "refutations" I refer here to arguments that totally deny that the existence of evil and suffering reduce, even for a little, the probability that God exists.
Those who use these arguments say that the existence of God is so accurate that no evil, however horrible, diminishes the likelihood of a good, kind, benign and benevolent God.
Some of the most popular arguments that fall into this category are:
- 1.- Skeptic Theism:
"Skeptical Theism" is the belief that human beings are incapable of really knowing if what is apparently bad and lacking in justification really is like that. The defenders of this argument indicate that we must be skeptical of our ability to really know if an evil that apparently lacks justification does not really have some of it.
Many epistemologists maintain that certain truths of the world can not be proved, but it is rational to believe in them because their reality is directly perceived. Some of the things that would fall into this category would be the existence of the outer world outside of our own perception of them and obviously recognize the existence of other minds apart from ours.
Some religious thinkers, notably Alvin Platinga. Maintain that the belief in a kind God would also enter into the list of "non-inferential truths"
For Platinga, humans have a direct perception of God's reality and infinite goodness (except atheists, who for some reason are unable to perceive God directly), which is why no kind of argument against this hypothesis could prosper. Since, no matter how much evil or suffering in the world, it is simply irrelevant to know whether God exists or not.
- Defenses:
By defenses, we understand here arguments that although they admit that the existence of the evil reduces the probability of the existence of God. When the totality of the evidence is taken into account the greater probability that he exists is high.
This type of argument does not directly attack the problem of evil, but seeks to mitigate it using independent proofs of the existence of God. Although evil reduces the likelihood that God exists. Other facts, such as, for example, the existence of miracles, the apparent design of nature, the need for a "first cause" or "necessary entity" etc., raise the probability to such a degree that it is atheism that becomes irrational.
- Theodicies:
However, the most popular defenses that exist against the problem of evil are the so-called "theodicies". As we have seen, the problem of evil disappears if we identify a morally acceptable reason why God will tolerate the existence of evil. The "theodicies" are attempts to precisely offer possible reasons.
We could classify theodicies in three main categories:
- 1.- The Free Will:
The most popular theodicy that exists. For its defenders, human free will is an intrinsic good so great that it overcomes any evil that may come from its misuse.
God, therefore, is fully justified in tolerating the existence of evil caused by human free will, since not doing so would constitute the deprivation of a greater good.
This theodicy is very old and is still popular today, being precisely the aforementioned philosopher Alvin Platinga one of its greatest exponents.
- The Irenaean Theodicy:
Originally proposed in the second century by the Christian leader Irenaeus of Lyons and defended by modern thinkers such as John Hick. This theodicy indicates that the presence of evil and suffering are necessary for the development of human souls.
Irenaeus emphasis on the unity of God is reflected in his corresponding emphasis on the unity of "salvation" history.
Irenaeus repeatedly insists that God began the world and has been overseeing it ever since this creative act. Everything that has happened is part of his plan for humanity. The essence of this plan is a process of maturation: Irenaeus believes that humanity was created immature, and God intended his creatures to take a long time to grow into or assume the divine likeness.
Everything that has happened since has therefore been planned by God to help humanity overcome this initial mishap and achieve spiritual maturity.
The world has been intentionally designed by God as a difficult place, where human beings are forced to make moral decisions, as only in this way can they mature as moral agents. Irenaeus likens death to the big fish that swallowed Jonah: it was only in the depths of the whale's belly that Jonah could turn to God and act according to the divine will. Similarly, death and suffering appear as evils, but without them we could never come to know God.
So, seems like they tend to affirm, that only if evil exists, then can virtues such as courage, temperance and compassion be developed. Consequently, God is justified in allowing the existence of evil since it enables the existence of a higher good.
- Religious theodicies:
Within this category are framed the justifications of evil inherent in traditional monotheistic theologies.
According to Christian theology, for example, evil exists as a consequence of the Original Sin committed by Adam and Eve. However, the effects of this sin will be erased once the world will be redeemed by Christ at the end of the times.
Two stage directions should be made to this type of theodicy. The first is that they usually tend to rely on other theodicies to complement and complete themselves fully in a more substantial and coherent way.
Several theologians, for example, indicate that God was justified in allowing Adam's sin out of respect for his free will, tacitly incorporating that theodicy within the biblical narrative. Secondly, this type of theodicy can only work if the religious narrative has a certain historical reality and not purely metaphorical. Returning to the Christian example, it is difficult to see how the story of Adam and Eve can explain the presence of evil and suffering in the world if Adam and Eve were not historical figures.
¿A Powerful Truth? «or» A Terrible Lie?
So, my dear ¿readers?
The existence of evil and suffering in this world justifies the existence of an always omniscient, omnipotent and benevolent God or not? Please, leave you opinion!
And yeah, I have to admit that in this PoB "lecture & treatise" today, I didn't throw and leave too many hints around from a biological and anatomical point of view as I implied in the title of this post. But I know you are clever. And in no time I'm sure you will find the sly metaphores & proctologic analogies to decipher it by yourself.
«««-$-»»»
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