The graph you show of reproduction levels ends at 2100, not the present day. Subsaharan Africa remains well above replacement levels today, but are projected to decline to match the rest of the world by 2100. While you point out the Amish are still having large families, there is not only a cultural difference between Amish communities and the rest of the US. They probably use far fewer personal care products, eat less chemically tainted food, and have less furniture that sheds microplastics, oozes phthalates onto their food, are washed into their skin and hair, are spread on their armpits, and outgas PFAs into their indoor air their breathe in.

Since 1973 testosterone in the West has declined by >60%. This is not a cultural conditioning, or psychological issue, but a chemical pollution issue. The Amish diet, growing their own food, making their own soap, cleaning products, and furniture, clothes and etc., dramatically reduces their exposure to xenoestrogens that are added to our food, like atrazine and glyphosate, are in our carpets, underwear, and socks in rayon and nylon artificial fibers, and are used to store our food, like tupperware, to cook it, like plastic spatulas and teflon coated frying pans, to eat and drink it, like disposable sporks and cups, and etc. So the cultural differences in making their products creates a vastly reduced exposure to chemical pollution and also promotes large families culturally. You mention several terrible cultural influences preventing families, and especially large families, that do not affect the Amish.

A male goat is called a billy and a female goat is a nanny, FYI.

I'm unhappy they 'cancelled' some favorite childhood authors, like Roald Dahl, but mostly Dr. Seuss. The whimsical rhymes and cartoon images captured my imagination as a child, and had my own kids in stitches when I read to them.

Thanks!