"The authors document how there has been a tracking tool installed on many hospitals’ private website pages, which have been collecting patients’ health information. This includes medical conditions, prescriptions, and doctor’s appointments. This tool is then sending all that data to Facebook/Meta."

If you do not grasp that Meta can use Google's location data tracking to link medical appointments to specific individuals, you should give the matter more thought - even if patient names weren't just automatically handed over by My Chart. Then, of course, the specialty of the provider is cross checked against prescriptions and conditions, and Voila! PII. This can be clarified and verified by the purchase data collected when people use a credit/debit card to buy scrips, and etc. AI is real good at such trivial but tedious tasks. Many such mechanisms are used to link persons to 'anonymized' data, and the audacity to abuse our data in such ways as are clearly undertaken to skirt legal proscriptions against availing PII to such corporate knaves is all the reason necessary to end legal fictions altogether, IMHO.

The posture of innocence taken by the agents of such outright lies is one of their features that sticks most in my craw.

This is also why I don't carry a phone, ever.