THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD
THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD
Including a Discussion of the Factors Affecting the Mechanical Properties, and Methods of Timber Testing
BY
SAMUEL J. RECORD, M.A., M.F.
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF FOREST PRODUCTS, YALE UNIVERSITY
FIRST EDITION FIRST THOUSAND 1914
Identification of the Economic Woods of the United States. 8vo, vi + 117 pages, 15 figures. Cloth, $1.25 net.
TO THE STAFF OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY, AT MADISON, WISCONSIN IN APPRECIATION OF THE MANY OPPORTUNITIES AFFORDED AND COURTESIES EXTENDED THE AUTHOR
PREFACE
CONTENTS
PART I THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD
INTRODUCTION
FUNDAMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS AND DEFINITIONS
TENSILE STRENGTH
COMPRESSIVE OR CRUSHING STRENGTH
SHEARING STRENGTH
TRANSVERSE OR BENDING STRENGTH: BEAMS
Beams
Stiffness of Beams
Strength of Beams
Kinds of Loads
Application of Loads
Failures in Timber Beams
TOUGHNESS: TORSION
HARDNESS
CLEAVABILITY
PART II FACTORS AFFECTING THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD
INTRODUCTION
RATE OF GROWTH
HEARTWOOD AND SAPWOOD
WEIGHT, DENSITY, AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY
COLOR
CROSS GRAIN
KNOTS
FROST SPLITS
SHAKES, GALLS, PITCH POCKETS
INSECT INJURIES37
MARINE WOOD-BORER INJURIES
FUNGOUS INJURIES39
PARASITIC PLANT INJURIES.46
LOCALITY OF GROWTH
SEASON OF CUTTING
WATER CONTENT48
TEMPERATURE
PRESERVATIVES
PART III TIMBER TESTING56
WORKING PLAN
FORMS OF MATERIAL TESTED
SIZE OF TEST SPECIMENS
MOISTURE DETERMINATION
MACHINE FOR STATIC TESTS
SPEED OF TESTING MACHINE
BENDING LARGE BEAMS
BENDING SMALL BEAMS
ENDWISE COMPRESSION
COMPRESSION ACROSS THE GRAIN
SHEAR ALONG THE GRAIN
IMPACT TEST
HARDNESS TEST: ABRASION AND INDENTATION
CLEAVAGE TEST
TENSION TEST PARALLEL TO THE GRAIN
TENSION TEST AT RIGHT ANGLES TO THE GRAIN
TORSION TEST64
SPECIAL TESTS
Spike-pulling Test
Packing Boxes
Vehicle and Implement Woods
Cross-arms
Other Tests
APPENDIX
SAMPLE WORKING PLAN OF THE U.S. FOREST SERVICE
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOODS GROWN IN THE UNITED STATES
Working Plan No. 124
PURPOSE OF WORK
MATERIAL
DETAILED INSTRUCTIONS
RECORDS
PHOTOGRAPHS
SHRINKAGE AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Appendix to Working Plan 124
PURPOSE OF WORK
MATERIAL
RADIAL AND TANGENTIAL SHRINKAGE
VOLUMETRIC SHRINKAGE AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY
STRENGTH VALUES FOR STRUCTURAL TIMBERS
(From Cir. 189, U.S. Forest Service)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Part I: Some general works on mechanics, materials of construction, and testing of materials.
Part II: Publications and articles on the mechanical properties of wood, and timber testing.
Part III: Publications of the U.S. Government on the mechanical properties of wood, and timber testing.
PART I. SOME GENERAL WORKS ON MECHANICS, MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION, AND TESTING OF MATERIALS
PART II. PUBLICATIONS AND ARTICLES ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD, AND TIMBER TESTING
PART III. PUBLICATIONS OF THE U.S. GOVERNMENT ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD, AND TIMBER TESTING
MISCELLANEOUS
FOREST SERVICE
REPORTS OF TESTS ON THE STRENGTH OF STRUCTURAL MATERIAL, MADE AT THE WATERTOWN ARSENAL, MASS.
INDEX
FOOTNOTES
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